Deep Under the Earth's Surface, Discovering Beauty and Science | Francesco Sauro | TED Talks

132,718 views

2015-11-16 ใƒป TED


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Deep Under the Earth's Surface, Discovering Beauty and Science | Francesco Sauro | TED Talks

132,718 views ใƒป 2015-11-16

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Gichung Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Lim Juhwan
00:12
I would like to invite you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
to come along on a visit
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00:16
to a dark continent.
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00:18
It is the continent hidden
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์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ‘์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด์ฃ .
00:20
under the surface of the earth.
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00:22
It is largely unexplored,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ํƒ์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ 
00:24
poorly understood, and the stuff of legends.
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋„ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „์„ค์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
00:27
But it is made also of dramatic landscapes
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋™๊ตด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
00:29
like this huge underground chamber,
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์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ’๊ฒฝ๋“ค๊ณผ
00:32
and it is rich with surprising biological and mineralogical worlds.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ , ๊ด‘๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐจ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:38
Thanks to the efforts of intrepid voyagers in the last three centuries --
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์ง€๋‚œ 300๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•œ ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด,
00:42
actually, we know also thanks to satellite technology, of course --
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์œ„์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ๋น ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ ์š”,
00:46
we know almost every single square meter of our planet's surface.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์ ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:51
However, we know still very little about what is hidden inside the earth.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ‘์— ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
00:56
Because a cave landscape, like this deep shaft in Italy, is hidden,
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์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๊นŠ์€ ์ˆ˜์ง๊ตด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋™๊ตด ํ’๊ฒฝ์€ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:01
the potential of cave exploration -- the geographical dimension --
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์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋™๊ตด ํƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€
01:05
is poorly understood and unappreciated.
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์ดํ•ด๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ง„๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
Because we are creatures living on the surface,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:10
our perception of the inner side of the planet
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€
01:14
is in some ways skewed,
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๋‹ค์†Œ ์™œ๊ณก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:16
as is that of the depth of the oceans
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์ด๋‚˜
01:19
or of the upper atmosphere.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
However, since systematic cave exploration started about one century ago,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋™๊ตด ํƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ 100์—ฌ๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:30
we know actually that caves exist in every continent of the world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ๋™๊ตด์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
A single cave system, like Mammoth Cave, which is in Kentucky,
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์ผ„ํ„ฐํ‚ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง˜๋ชจ์Šค ๋™๊ตด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:38
can be as long as more than 600 kilometers.
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๋™๊ตด ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ 600km ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
And an abyss like Krubera Voronya, which is in the Caucasus region,
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์ฝ”์นด์„œ์Šค ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฃจ๋ฒ ๋ผ ๋ณด๋กœ๋ƒ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ฌ์—ฐ์€
01:47
actually the deepest cave explored in the world,
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์‹ค์ œ ํƒ์‚ฌ๋œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊นŠ์€ ๋™๊ตด์ธ๋ฐ,
01:50
can go as far as more than 2,000 meters below the surface.
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์ง€ํ•˜ 2,000m ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊นŠ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
That means a journey of weeks for a cave explorer.
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๋™๊ตด ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€์—๊ฒ ๋ช‡์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ •์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ฃ .
01:59
Caves form in karstic regions.
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์นด๋ฅด์ŠคํŠธ ์ง€ํ˜•์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋™๊ตด๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
So karstic regions are areas of the world
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์นด๋ฅด์ŠคํŠธ ์ง€ํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š”
02:05
where the infiltrating water along cracks, fractures,
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ํ‹ˆ๊ณผ ๊ท ์—ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“  ๋ฌผ์ด
02:09
can easily dissolve soluble lithologies,
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๋ฌผ์— ๋…น๋Š” ์•”์„๋“ค์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋…น์ด๊ณ 
02:13
forming a drainage system of tunnels, conduits --
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ํ„ฐ๋„, ๋„๊ด€์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
a three-dimensional network, actually.
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์ •๋ง 3์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ฃ .
02:18
Karstic regions cover almost 20 percent of the continents' surface,
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์นด๋ฅด์ŠคํŠธ ์ง€ํ˜•์€ ์œก์ง€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ 20%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:24
and we know actually that speleologists in the last 50 years
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์ง€๋‚œ 50๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๋™๊ตด ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
02:29
have explored roughly 30,000 kilometers of cave passages around the world,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 3,000km์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๊ตด ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:35
which is a big number.
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์ด๋Š” ํฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
But geologists have estimated that what is still missing,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„,
02:41
to be discovered and mapped,
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๋” ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋„์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณณ๋“ค์ด
02:43
is something around 10 million kilometers.
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์ฒœ๋งŒ km ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
That means that for each meter of a cave that we already know,
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•„๋Š”
02:50
that we have explored,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒํ—˜ํ•œ ๋™๊ตด 1m์”ฉ๋งˆ๋‹ค
02:52
there are still some tens of kilometers of undiscovered passages.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ช‡์‹ญ km์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฐœ๊ตด ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
That means that this is really an endless continent,
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์ฆ‰ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌดํ•œ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์„œ
03:00
and we will never be able to explore it completely.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํƒํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
And this estimation is made without considering other types of caves,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋™๊ตด๋“ค,
03:08
like, for example, inside glaciers or even volcanic caves,
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๋‚ด๋ถ€๋น™ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ™”์‚ฐ๋™๊ตด๊ฐ™์€
03:12
which are not karstic, but are formed by lava flows.
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์นด๋ฅด์ŠคํŠธ ์ง€ํ˜•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์šฉ์•”๋ถ„์ถœ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
And if we have a look at other planets like, for example, Mars,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™”์„ฑ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
03:21
you will see that this characteristic
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด
03:23
is not so specific of our home planet.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
However, I will show to you now that we do not need to go to Mars
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:31
to explore alien worlds.
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ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๊ฐˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
I'm a speleologist, that means a cave explorer.
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์ €๋Š” ๋™๊ตดํ•™์ž๋กœ ๋™๊ตด์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
And I started with this passion when I was really young
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋™๊ตด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด์ •์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์ 
03:43
in the mountains not far from my hometown in North Italy,
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์ œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—์„œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
in the karstic regions of the Alps and the Dolomites.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฐ์€ ์•Œํ”„์Šค์™€ ๋Œ๋กœ๋ฏธํ‹ฐ ์นด๋ฅด์ŠคํŠธ ์ง€ํ˜•์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
But soon, the quest for exploration brought me to the farthest corner
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณง ํƒํ—˜์˜ ์—ฌ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์—
03:55
of the planet, searching for new potential entrances
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์œผ๋กœ์˜
03:57
of this undiscovered continent.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
And in 2009, I had the opportunity to visit the tepui table mountains,
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2009๋…„์—๋Š” ํ…Œํ‘ธ์ด ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๋งˆ์šดํ‹ด์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:05
which are in the Orinoco and Amazon basins.
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์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ฝ”์™€ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ๋ถ„์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
These massifs enchanted me from the first time I saw them.
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์ด ์‚ฐ๊ตฐ๋“ค์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋งคํ˜น์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
They are surrounded by vertical, vertiginous rock walls
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์„ธ๋กœ๋กœ ๋œ ์•„์ฐ”ํ•œ ์•”์„ ๋ฒฝ์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์Œ“์—ฌ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:16
with silvery waterfalls that are lost in the forest.
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์ˆฒ์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์€๋น› ํญํฌ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:20
They really inspired in me a sense of wilderness,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ œ ์•ˆ์˜ ์•ผ์ƒ์„ฑ์„
04:23
with a soul older than millions and millions of years.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„๋„ ๋” ๋œ ์˜ํ˜ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๊นจ์› ์–ด์š”.
04:27
And this dramatic landscape inspired among other things
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ‹ฑํ•œ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค
04:31
also Conan Doyle's "The Lost World" novel in 1912.
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์ฝ”๋‚œ ๋„์ผ์˜ 1912๋…„ ์ž‘ "์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„"์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
And they are, really, a lost world.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ณณ์€ ์ •๋ง ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
Scientists consider those mountains as islands in time,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ € ์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ฌ์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ
04:46
being separated from the surrounding lowlands
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ €์ง€๋Œ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
04:48
since tens of millions of years ago.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์—์š”.
04:51
They are surrounded by up to 1,000-meter-high walls,
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1,000m ๋†’์ด์˜ ๋ฒฝ์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์Œ“์—ฌ ์žˆ์–ด
04:55
resembling a fortress, impregnable by humans.
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๋‚œ๊ณต๋ถˆ๋ฝ์˜ ์š”์ƒˆ์™€๋„ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
And, in fact, only a few of these mountains have been climbed
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜ ๊ทน์†Œ์ˆ˜๋งŒ
05:01
and explored on their top.
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์ •์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋“ฑ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
These mountains contain also a scientific paradox:
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์ด ์‚ฐ๋งฅ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
They are made by quartz,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์„์˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:09
which is a very common mineral on the earth's crust,
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์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ 
05:12
and the rock made up by quartz is called quartzite,
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์„์˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐ”์œ„๋Š” ๊ทœ์•”์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:17
and quartzite is one of the hardest and least soluble minerals on earth.
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๊ทœ์•”์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฌผ์— ๋œ ๋…น๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
So we do not expect at all to find a cave there.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋™๊ตด์„ ์ฐพ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
05:26
Despite this, in the last 10 years, speleologists from Italy,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„,
05:30
Slovakia, Czech Republic, and, of course, Venezuela and Brazil,
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์Šฌ๋กœ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์•„, ์ฒด์ฝ”๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ ์˜จ
05:34
have explored several caves in this area.
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๋™๊ตดํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋™๊ตด๋“ค์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
So how can it be possible?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
05:40
To understand this contradiction, we have to consider the time factor,
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์ด ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:44
because the history of the tepuis is extremely long,
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ํ…Œํ‘ธ์ด์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
starting about 1.6 billion years ago with the formation of the rock,
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16์–ต๋…„์ „ ์•”์„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ๊ฐ™์ดํ•˜์—ฌ
05:52
and then evolving with the uplift of the region 150 million years ago,
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1์–ต5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์œต๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:58
after the disruption of the Pangaea supercontinent
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์ด๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒŒ์•„ ์ดˆ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ๋ถ„์—ด๊ณผ
06:01
and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean.
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๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ ํ›„์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
So you can imagine that the water had tens or even hundreds of millions of years
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๋ฌผ์ด ํ…Œํ‘ธ์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๊ธฐ๊ดดํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
06:10
to sculpt the strangest forms on the tepuis' surfaces,
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๊ท ์—ด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋Œ๊ณผ ์•”์„์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ…Œํ‘ธ์ด ํ’๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ
06:14
but also to open the fractures and form stone cities, rock cities,
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ํƒ€์›Œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒŒํŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š”
06:20
fields of towers which are characterized in the famous landscape of the tepuis.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์–ต๋งŒ ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Œ์„ ์ง์ž‘ํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
But nobody could have imagined
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
06:27
what was happening inside a mountain in so long a time frame.
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์‚ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
And so I was focusing in 2010 on one of those massifs,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” 2010๋…„์— ์ € ์‚ฐ๊ตฐ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
the Auyรกn-tepui, which is very famous because it hosts Angel Falls,
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์•ค์ ค ํญํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์•„์šฐ์–€ ํ…Œํ‘ธ์ด๋กœ
06:40
which is the highest waterfall in the world --
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํญํฌ๋กœ
06:43
about 979 meters of vertical drop.
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979m ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
And I was searching for hints of the existence of cave systems
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์ €๋Š” ๋™๊ตด์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ
06:52
through satellite images,
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์œ„์„ฑ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:54
and finally we identified an area of collapses of the surface --
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋œ ๊ณณ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
so, big boulders, rock piles --
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ํฐ ๋ฐ”์œ„๋“ค๊ณผ ์•”์„๋”๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด
07:01
and that means that there was a void below.
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์•„๋ž˜์— ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:04
It was a clear indication that there was something inside the mountain.
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์‚ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
So we did several attempts to reach this area,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
by land and with a helicopter,
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๋•… ์œ„์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:15
but it was really difficult because -- you have to imagine
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:18
that these mountains are covered by clouds most of the year, by fog.
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์ด ์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด 1๋…„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„, ์•ˆ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
There are strong winds,
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:24
and there are almost 4,000 millimeters of rainfall per year,
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1๋…„์— ๋น„๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 4,000mm ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
so it's really, really difficult to find good conditions.
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์ข‹์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:32
And only in 2013 we finally landed on the spot
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2013๋…„์— ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•  ๊ณณ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๊ณ 
07:37
and we started the exploration of the cave.
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๋™๊ตด์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
The cave is huge.
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๋™๊ตด์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
It's a huge network under the surface of the tepui plateau,
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ํ…Œํ‘ธ์ด ๊ณ ์› ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
07:46
and in only ten days of expedition,
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ํƒํ—˜ 10์ผ ๋งŒ์—
07:50
we explored more than 20 kilometers of cave passages.
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๋™๊ตด ํ†ต๋กœ์˜ 20km ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
And it's a huge network of underground rivers,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—” ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜,
07:59
channels, big rooms, extremely deep shafts.
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๊ฒฝ๋กœ, ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๊นŠ์€ ์ˆ˜์ง ํ†ต๋กœ๋“ค์ด ์–ฝํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
So it's really an incredible place.
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์ •๋ง ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:08
And we named it Imawarรฌ Yeuta.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ด๋งˆ์™€๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ์šฐํƒ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
That means, in the Pemรณn indigenous language, "The House of the Gods."
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๊ทธ ๋œป์€ ํ† ์ฐฉ ํŽ˜๋ชฌ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ "์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œปํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
You have to imagine that indigenous people have never been there.
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ํ† ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ์ฃ .
08:20
It was impossible for them to reach this area.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ณณ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
However, there were legends about the existence
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋™๊ตด์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:26
of a cave in the mountain.
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์ „์„ค์€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
So when we started the exploration,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
08:30
we had to explore with a great respect,
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๊นŠ์€ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:32
both because of the religious beliefs of the indigenous people,
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ํ† ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:36
but also because it was really a sacred place,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์žฅ์†Œ์˜€๊ณ 
08:38
because no human had entered there before.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์ด๊ณณ์„ ๋ฐŸ์•„๋ณธ ์  ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
So we had to use special protocols
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
08:43
to not contaminate the environment with our presence,
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ทœ์•ฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:46
and we tried also to share with the community,
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์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ, ํ† ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—
08:48
with the indigenous community, our discoveries.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
And the caves represent, really, a snapshot of the past.
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๋™๊ตด๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์Šค๋ƒ…์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
The time needed for their formation
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ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด
08:59
could be as long as 50 or even 100 million years,
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5์ฒœ๋งŒ์—์„œ 1์–ต๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
09:04
which makes them possibly the oldest caves that we can explore on earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋™๊ตด๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
What you can find there is really evidence of a lost world.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
When you enter a quartzite cave,
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๊ทœ์•” ๋™๊ตด์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด
09:19
you have to completely forget what you know about caves --
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๋™๊ตด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ์žŠ์œผ์…”์•ผ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
classic limestone caves or the touristic caves
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์…จ๋˜
09:25
that you can visit in several places in the world.
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์„ํšŒ์•” ๋™๊ตด์—์„œ ๋ณด์…จ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
Because what seems a simple stalactite here
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ข…์œ ์„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
09:31
is not made by calcium carbonate, but is made by opal,
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ํƒ„์‚ฐ์นผ์Š˜์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜คํŒ”์„์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
09:36
and one of those stalactites can require tens of millions of years to be formed.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์œ ์„๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
But you can find even stranger forms, like these mushrooms of silica
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์ด ๋ฐ”์œ„์— ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
09:46
growing on a boulder.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”๊ทœ์†Œ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌํ•œํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ฐพ์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
And you can imagine our talks when we were exploring the cave.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™๊ตด์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•  ๋•Œ์— ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
We were the first entering and discovering those unknown things,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ
09:57
things like those monster eggs.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ดด๋ฌผ ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:00
And we were a bit scared because it was all a discovery,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋‘๋ ค์› ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์„œ
10:04
and we didn't want to find a dinosaur.
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๊ณต๋ฃก๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
10:07
We didn't find a dinosaur.
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๊ณต๋ฃก๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:10
Anyway, actually, we know that this kind of formation,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ›„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
10:13
after several studies,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด
10:16
we know that these kinds of formations are living organisms.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:19
They are bacterial colonies using silica to build mineral structures
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ๊ทœ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ธ๋ฐ
10:24
resembling stromatolites.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋งˆํ†จ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
Stromatolites are some of the oldest forms of life that we can find on earth.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋งˆํ†จ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ
10:31
And here in the tepuis,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ…Œํ‘ธ์ด์—์„œ๋Š”
10:33
the interesting thing is that these bacteria colonies have evolved
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด
10:37
in complete isolation from the external surface,
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์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋˜์–ด์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
10:42
and without being in contact with humans.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
They have never been in contact with humans.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•œ ์ ์ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:47
So the implications for science are enormous,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•จ์˜๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ๋ฐ
10:50
because here you could find, for example, microbes
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ
10:54
that could be useful to resolve diseases in medicine,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
10:59
or you could find even a new kind of material with unknown properties.
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์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
And, in fact, we discovered in the cave a new mineral structure for science,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™๊ตด์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด‘๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:07
which is rossiantonite, a phosphate-sulfate.
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๋กœ์‹œ์•ˆํ† ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์ธ์‚ฐ-ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
So whatever you find in the cave, even a small cricket,
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๋™๊ตด์—์„œ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ท€๋šœ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋„
11:16
has evolved in the dark in complete isolation.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์–ด๋‘  ์†์—์„œ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
And, really, everything that you can feel in the cave are real connections
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์ •๋ง ๋™๊ตด์—์„œ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:24
between the biological and the mineralogical world.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด‘๋ฌผํ•™์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
So as we explore this dark continent
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:34
and discover its mineralogical and biological diversity and uniqueness,
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๊ทธ ๊ด‘๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด
11:40
we will find probably clues about the origin of life on our planet
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ด๋‚˜
11:45
and on the relationship and evolution of life
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๊ด‘๋ฌผํ•™์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ
11:48
in relationship with the mineral world.
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์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
What seems only a dark, empty environment
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์–ด๋‘ก๊ณ  ํ…… ๋นˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
11:55
could be in reality a chest of wonders
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๊ณณ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ
11:57
full of useful information.
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๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
With a team of Italian, Venezuelan and Brazilian speleologists,
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์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋™๊ตดํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํŒ€์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด
12:05
which is called La Venta Teraphosa,
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๋ผ ๋ฒคํƒ€ ํ…Œ๋ผํฌ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ
12:09
we will be back soon to Latin America,
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๊ณง ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์˜ˆ์ •์ธ๋ฐ
12:11
because we want to explore other tepuis in the farthest areas of the Amazon.
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์•„๋งˆ์กด ์ œ์ผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ…Œํ‘ธ์ด๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
There are still very unknown mountains,
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
like Marahuaca, which is almost 3,000 meters high above sea level,
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ํ•ด๋ฐœ 3,000m ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ผ์™€์นด๋‚˜
12:24
or Aracร , which is in the upper region of Rio Negro in Brazil.
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋„ค๊ทธ๋กœ ์œ„์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ์•„๋ผ์นด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
12:28
And we suppose that we could find there even bigger cave systems,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋”์šฑ ํฐ ๋™๊ตด์ฒด๊ณ„์™€
12:33
and each one with its own undiscovered world.
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๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋™๊ตด๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:45
Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Francesco. Give me that to start so we don't forget.
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ” ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ข€ ์—ฌ์ญค๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
Francesco, you said we don't need to go to Mars to find alien life,
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ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ”, ์™ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๊ฐˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:52
and indeed, last time we spoke, you were in Sardinia
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ๋ฒˆ์— ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋ˆด์„ ๋•Œ
12:55
and you were training European astronauts.
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์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋””๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ณ„์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:58
So what do you, a speleologist, tell and teach to the astronauts?
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๋™๊ตดํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
13:01
Francesco Sauro: Yeah, we are -- it's a program of training
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ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ”:๋„ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” - ๊ทธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋™๊ตด์—์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:04
for not only European, but also NASA, Roskosmos, JAXA astronauts, in a cave.
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NASA(๋ฏธ๊ตญ), Roskosmos(๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„), JAXA(์ผ๋ณธ) ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
So they stay in a cave for about one week in isolation.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋™๊ตด์— 1์ฃผ์ผ ์ •๋„ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์ƒํ™œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
They have to work together in a real, real dangerous environment,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:16
and it's a real alien environment for them because it's unusual.
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ํ”์น˜ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
It's always dark. They have to do science. They have a lot of tasks.
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์ฃผ์œ„๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์–ด๋‘ก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
And it's very similar to a journey to Mars
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ํ™”์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฌ์ •๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
13:27
or the International Space Station.
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13:29
BG: In principle. FS: Yes.
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ์›๋ก ์ ์œผ๋ก  ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ”: ๋„ค.
13:30
BG: I want to go back to one of the pictures
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ์‡ผ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์žฅ์„
13:32
that was in your slide show,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ์š”,
13:34
and it's just representative of the other photos --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ์žฅ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
Weren't those photos amazing? Yeah?
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์ € ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
13:39
Audience: Yeah!
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๊ด€์ค‘: ๋„ค!
13:40
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:44
FS: I have to thank the photographers from the team La Venta,
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ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ”: ๋ผ ๋ฒคํƒ€ ํŒ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
13:47
because all of those photos are from the photographers.
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๋‹ค ๊ทธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ฐ์œผ์…จ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
13:51
BG: You bring, actually, photographers with you in the expedition.
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ํƒ์‚ฌ์— ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
13:54
They're professionals, they're speleologists and photographers.
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๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด์‹œ๋„ค์š”. ๋™๊ตดํ•™์ž์ด์ž ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
13:57
But when I look at these pictures, I wonder: there is zero light down there,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋„ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋†€๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์ € ๋ฐ‘์—” ๋น›์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ
14:02
and yet they look incredibly well-exposed.
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๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„๋งŒํผ ์ž˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
14:05
How do you take these pictures?
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฐ์œผ์…จ์ฃ ?
14:07
How do your colleagues, the photographers, take these pictures?
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ์ฐ์œผ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
14:10
FS: Yeah. They are working in a darkroom, basically,
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ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ”: ๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์•”์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ์„œ
14:12
so you can open the shutter of the camera
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์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์…”ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ณ 
14:14
and use the lights to paint the environment.
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๋น›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ์ƒ‰์น ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
BG: So you're basically --
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ-
14:18
FS: Yes. You can even keep the shutter open for one minute
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ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ”: ๋„ค. ์…”ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ 1๋ถ„๋™์•ˆ ์—ด์–ด๋†“๊ณ 
14:21
and then paint the environment.
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ์ƒ‰์น ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
The final result is what you want to achieve.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์€ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:25
BG: You spray the environment with light and that's what you get.
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋น›์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ ค์„œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ตฐ์š”.
14:28
Maybe we can try this at home someday, I don't know.
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์ง‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์จ ๋ด์•ผ ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
14:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:32
BG: Francesco, grazie. FS: Grazie.
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๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ”. ํ”„๋ž€์ฒด์Šค์ฝ”: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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