Deep Under the Earth's Surface, Discovering Beauty and Science | Francesco Sauro | TED Talks

132,885 views ใƒป 2015-11-16

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Roni Ravia ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I would like to invite you
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื
00:14
to come along on a visit
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ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ
00:16
to a dark continent.
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ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื—ืฉื•ื›ื”.
00:18
It is the continent hidden
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืžืกืชืชืจืช
00:20
under the surface of the earth.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
00:22
It is largely unexplored,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื” ืœื ื“ืจื›ื” ืจื’ืœ ืื“ื,
00:24
poorly understood, and the stuff of legends.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ืช, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
00:27
But it is made also of dramatic landscapes
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื ื•ืฃ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™,
00:29
like this huge underground chamber,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
00:32
and it is rich with surprising biological and mineralogical worlds.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื.
00:38
Thanks to the efforts of intrepid voyagers in the last three centuries --
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ืœื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช -
00:42
actually, we know also thanks to satellite technology, of course --
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ -
00:46
we know almost every single square meter of our planet's surface.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:51
However, we know still very little about what is hidden inside the earth.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืกืชืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:56
Because a cave landscape, like this deep shaft in Italy, is hidden,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื•ืฃ ืžืขืจืชื™, ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฃ ื ืกืชืจ,
01:01
the potential of cave exploration -- the geographical dimension --
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ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ืžืขืจื•ืช, ืžื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ -
01:05
is poorly understood and unappreciated.
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ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืขืจืš.
01:07
Because we are creatures living on the surface,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
01:10
our perception of the inner side of the planet
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ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:14
is in some ways skewed,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช,
01:16
as is that of the depth of the oceans
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
01:19
or of the upper atmosphere.
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ืื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
01:23
However, since systematic cave exploration started about one century ago,
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ื”ื—ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”,
01:30
we know actually that caves exist in every continent of the world.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:34
A single cave system, like Mammoth Cave, which is in Kentucky,
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ืจืฉืช ืžืขืจื•ืช ืื—ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืขืจืช ืžืžื•ืชืณ ืฉื‘ืงื ื˜ืืงื™,
01:38
can be as long as more than 600 kilometers.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-600 ืงืดืž.
01:43
And an abyss like Krubera Voronya, which is in the Caucasus region,
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ื•ืžืขืจื” ืชื”ื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืงืจื•ื‘ืจื” ื•ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–,
01:47
actually the deepest cave explored in the world,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื—ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
01:50
can go as far as more than 2,000 meters below the surface.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-2000 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:54
That means a journey of weeks for a cave explorer.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืขืจื•ืช, ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
01:59
Caves form in karstic regions.
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ืžืขืจื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงืืจืกื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:02
So karstic regions are areas of the world
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงืืจืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:05
where the infiltrating water along cracks, fractures,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืกื“ืงื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื
02:09
can easily dissolve soluble lithologies,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžื™ืก ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืกืœืข ืžืกื™ืก,
02:13
forming a drainage system of tunnels, conduits --
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื– ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช -
02:16
a three-dimensional network, actually.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช.
02:18
Karstic regions cover almost 20 percent of the continents' surface,
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงืืจืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ 20% ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
02:24
and we know actually that speleologists in the last 50 years
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืกืคืœืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘-50 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
02:29
have explored roughly 30,000 kilometers of cave passages around the world,
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ื—ืงืจื• ืœืขืจืš 30,000 ืงืดืž ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:35
which is a big number.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
02:36
But geologists have estimated that what is still missing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
02:41
to be discovered and mapped,
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ืœืžืคื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ,
02:43
is something around 10 million kilometers.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืดืž.
02:47
That means that for each meter of a cave that we already know,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•,
02:50
that we have explored,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืงืจื”,
02:52
there are still some tens of kilometers of undiscovered passages.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงืดืž ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื’ืœื•.
02:57
That means that this is really an endless continent,
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ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
03:00
and we will never be able to explore it completely.
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ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื”.
03:04
And this estimation is made without considering other types of caves,
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ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื•ืช,
03:08
like, for example, inside glaciers or even volcanic caves,
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ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ื•ืช,
03:12
which are not karstic, but are formed by lava flows.
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ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ืงืืจืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื”.
03:16
And if we have a look at other planets like, for example, Mars,
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ื•ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ,
03:21
you will see that this characteristic
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ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื•ืช
03:23
is not so specific of our home planet.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:27
However, I will show to you now that we do not need to go to Mars
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืขืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืื“ื™ื
03:31
to explore alien worlds.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื.
03:35
I'm a speleologist, that means a cave explorer.
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ืื ื™ ืกืคืœืื•ืœื•ื’, ืžืฉืžืข, ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืขืจื•ืช.
03:39
And I started with this passion when I was really young
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ืชืฉื•ืงืชื™ ืœื—ืงืจ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“
03:43
in the mountains not far from my hometown in North Italy,
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ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืขื™ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
03:47
in the karstic regions of the Alps and the Dolomites.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืืจืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื•ืœื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ื.
03:51
But soon, the quest for exploration brought me to the farthest corner
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืคื™ื ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช
03:55
of the planet, searching for new potential entrances
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืคืชื—ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
03:57
of this undiscovered continent.
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ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:00
And in 2009, I had the opportunity to visit the tepui table mountains,
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ื‘-2009, ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืคื•ืื™,
04:05
which are in the Orinoco and Amazon basins.
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ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืงื• ื•ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก.
04:08
These massifs enchanted me from the first time I saw them.
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ื”ืจื›ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ืงืกื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื™ ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
04:13
They are surrounded by vertical, vertiginous rock walls
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ื”ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืกืœืข ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจืจื™ื
04:16
with silvery waterfalls that are lost in the forest.
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ืขื ืžืคืœื™ื ื›ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ.
04:20
They really inspired in me a sense of wilderness,
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ื”ื ื”ื ื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืคืจื,
04:23
with a soul older than millions and millions of years.
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ืขื ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:27
And this dramatic landscape inspired among other things
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ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืจืื”
04:31
also Conan Doyle's "The Lost World" novel in 1912.
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ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืืŸ ื“ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืดื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ืด ืž-1912.
04:35
And they are, really, a lost world.
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ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ื ืื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืื‘ื•ื“.
04:41
Scientists consider those mountains as islands in time,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื›ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
04:46
being separated from the surrounding lowlands
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ืžื”ืฉืคืœื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื
04:48
since tens of millions of years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:51
They are surrounded by up to 1,000-meter-high walls,
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ื”ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืกืœืข ืฉืœ ืขื“ 1000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
04:55
resembling a fortress, impregnable by humans.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
04:58
And, in fact, only a few of these mountains have been climbed
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื˜ื•ืคืกื•
05:01
and explored on their top.
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ื•ืจืื• ืจื’ืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคืกื’ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
05:04
These mountains contain also a scientific paradox:
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ื”ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืžื“ืขื™:
05:07
They are made by quartz,
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ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ืืจืฅ,
05:09
which is a very common mineral on the earth's crust,
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ืžื™ื ืจืœ ืฉื›ื™ื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:12
and the rock made up by quartz is called quartzite,
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืกืœืข ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื ืงืจื ืงื•ื•ืืจืฆื™ื˜,
05:17
and quartzite is one of the hardest and least soluble minerals on earth.
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ื•ืงื•ื•ืืจืฆื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
05:22
So we do not expect at all to find a cave there.
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื ืžืขืจื•ืช.
05:26
Despite this, in the last 10 years, speleologists from Italy,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืกืคืœืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
05:30
Slovakia, Czech Republic, and, of course, Venezuela and Brazil,
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ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”, ืฆืณื›ื™ื” ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื” ื•ืžื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
05:34
have explored several caves in this area.
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ื—ืงืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”.
05:37
So how can it be possible?
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ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ืชื›ืŸ?
05:40
To understand this contradiction, we have to consider the time factor,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
05:44
because the history of the tepuis is extremely long,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืคื•ืื™ ื”ื™ื ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“,
05:47
starting about 1.6 billion years ago with the formation of the rock,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-1.6 ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœืข,
05:52
and then evolving with the uplift of the region 150 million years ago,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืขื ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›-150 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
05:58
after the disruption of the Pangaea supercontinent
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื‘ื™ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืขืœ - ืคื ื’ื™ืื”
06:01
and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
06:04
So you can imagine that the water had tens or even hundreds of millions of years
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ืืฃ ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
06:10
to sculpt the strangest forms on the tepuis' surfaces,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืคืกืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืคื•ืื™,
06:14
but also to open the fractures and form stone cities, rock cities,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกื“ืงื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืจื™ ืกืœืข,
06:20
fields of towers which are characterized in the famous landscape of the tepuis.
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ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืคื•ืื™.
06:26
But nobody could have imagined
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื•,
06:27
what was happening inside a mountain in so long a time frame.
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.
06:32
And so I was focusing in 2010 on one of those massifs,
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ืื– ื‘-2010, ืื ื™ ื”ืชืจื›ื–ืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ืก ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
06:37
the Auyรกn-tepui, which is very famous because it hosts Angel Falls,
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ืืื•ื™ื™ืŸ-ื˜ืคื•ืื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืคืœ ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืคืกื’ืชื•,
06:40
which is the highest waterfall in the world --
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื’ื‘ ื”ืžืคืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื -
06:43
about 979 meters of vertical drop.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 979 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืคื™ืœื” ืื ื›ื™ืช.
06:47
And I was searching for hints of the existence of cave systems
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ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืื—ืจ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืžืขืจื•ืช
06:52
through satellite images,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
06:54
and finally we identified an area of collapses of the surface --
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— -
06:59
so, big boulders, rock piles --
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ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืกืœืขื™ื -
07:01
and that means that there was a void below.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
07:04
It was a clear indication that there was something inside the mountain.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ืื™ืช ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืจ.
07:08
So we did several attempts to reach this area,
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ื›ืžื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ,
07:13
by land and with a helicopter,
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ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืงื•ืคื˜ืจ,
07:15
but it was really difficult because -- you have to imagine
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื™ - ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื
07:18
that these mountains are covered by clouds most of the year, by fog.
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ืฉื”ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื ื ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”,
07:23
There are strong winds,
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ืจื“ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช,
07:24
and there are almost 4,000 millimeters of rainfall per year,
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ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 4000 ืžืดืž.
07:29
so it's really, really difficult to find good conditions.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
07:32
And only in 2013 we finally landed on the spot
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ืจืง ื‘-2013 ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
07:37
and we started the exploration of the cave.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื”.
07:40
The cave is huge.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืจื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
07:42
It's a huge network under the surface of the tepui plateau,
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ืจืฉืช ืžืขืจื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืคื•ืื™,
07:46
and in only ten days of expedition,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
07:50
we explored more than 20 kilometers of cave passages.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-20 ืงืดืž ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืจืชื™ื™ื.
07:54
And it's a huge network of underground rivers,
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืฉืช ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื,
07:59
channels, big rooms, extremely deep shafts.
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ืชืขืœื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ,
08:04
So it's really an incredible place.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืงื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
08:08
And we named it Imawarรฌ Yeuta.
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ื•ืงืจืื ื• ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืดืื™ืžืื•ื•ืืจื™ ื™ืื•ื˜ื”ืด.
08:10
That means, in the Pemรณn indigenous language, "The House of the Gods."
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืคืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืดื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื›ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ืืด.
08:16
You have to imagine that indigenous people have never been there.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืฉื.
08:20
It was impossible for them to reach this area.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
08:24
However, there were legends about the existence
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื”
08:26
of a cave in the mountain.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืจ.
08:28
So when we started the exploration,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ,
08:30
we had to explore with a great respect,
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
08:32
both because of the religious beliefs of the indigenous people,
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ื’ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ,
08:36
but also because it was really a sacred place,
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ื•ื’ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ,
08:38
because no human had entered there before.
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ื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ืื“ื ืœื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
08:41
So we had to use special protocols
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
08:43
to not contaminate the environment with our presence,
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ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื–ื”ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฆื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ื•,
08:46
and we tried also to share with the community,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
08:48
with the indigenous community, our discoveries.
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ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืืช ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืชื ื•.
08:51
And the caves represent, really, a snapshot of the past.
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ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
08:56
The time needed for their formation
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชืŸ
08:59
could be as long as 50 or even 100 million years,
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ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 50 ืœ-100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื,
09:04
which makes them possibly the oldest caves that we can explore on earth.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:10
What you can find there is really evidence of a lost world.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื ื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืื‘ื•ื“.
09:17
When you enter a quartzite cave,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืขืจืช ืงื•ื•ืืจืฆื™ื˜,
09:19
you have to completely forget what you know about caves --
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื•ืช -
09:22
classic limestone caves or the touristic caves
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ืžืขืจื•ืช ืกืœืข ื’ื™ืจ ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช
09:25
that you can visit in several places in the world.
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ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:28
Because what seems a simple stalactite here
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื ื˜ื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜
09:31
is not made by calcium carbonate, but is made by opal,
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ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™ ืืœื ืžืื•ืคืืœ,
09:36
and one of those stalactites can require tens of millions of years to be formed.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื ื˜ื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
09:42
But you can find even stranger forms, like these mushrooms of silica
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืืœื•
09:46
growing on a boulder.
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ื”ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกืœืข.
09:48
And you can imagine our talks when we were exploring the cave.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืฉืžืขื• ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื”.
09:52
We were the first entering and discovering those unknown things,
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ืื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื“ืจื›ื ื• ืฉื ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
09:57
things like those monster eggs.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื”ืขื ืง ื”ืืœื•.
10:00
And we were a bit scared because it was all a discovery,
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ืฉื”ืคื—ื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืชื’ืœื™ืช,
10:04
and we didn't want to find a dinosaur.
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ื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
10:07
We didn't find a dinosaur.
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ืœื ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
10:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:10
Anyway, actually, we know that this kind of formation,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืชืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• -
10:13
after several studies,
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ-
10:16
we know that these kinds of formations are living organisms.
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ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
10:19
They are bacterial colonies using silica to build mineral structures
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืœื™ืงื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื
10:24
resembling stromatolites.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืžื˜ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื.
10:26
Stromatolites are some of the oldest forms of life that we can find on earth.
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ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื˜ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:31
And here in the tepuis,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืคื•ืื™,
10:33
the interesting thing is that these bacteria colonies have evolved
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
10:37
in complete isolation from the external surface,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
10:42
and without being in contact with humans.
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ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื.
10:44
They have never been in contact with humans.
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ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื.
10:47
So the implications for science are enormous,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข,
10:50
because here you could find, for example, microbes
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ื›ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
10:54
that could be useful to resolve diseases in medicine,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
10:59
or you could find even a new kind of material with unknown properties.
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ืื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช.
11:03
And, in fact, we discovered in the cave a new mineral structure for science,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืข:
11:07
which is rossiantonite, a phosphate-sulfate.
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ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื˜, ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืกืคื˜ ืกื•ืœืคื˜ื™.
11:11
So whatever you find in the cave, even a small cricket,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžืขืจื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆืจืฆืจ ืงื˜ืŸ,
11:16
has evolved in the dark in complete isolation.
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
11:20
And, really, everything that you can feel in the cave are real connections
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื”, ื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
11:24
between the biological and the mineralogical world.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื•ื’ื™.
11:28
So as we explore this dark continent
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ืื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื•
11:34
and discover its mineralogical and biological diversity and uniqueness,
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืจื•ืœื’ื™ ืฉืœื”,
11:40
we will find probably clues about the origin of life on our planet
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื“ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
11:45
and on the relationship and evolution of life
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ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
11:48
in relationship with the mineral world.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™.
11:51
What seems only a dark, empty environment
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ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ื•ืจื™ืงื”
11:55
could be in reality a chest of wonders
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ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžื’ื™ืจืช ืงืกืžื™ื,
11:57
full of useful information.
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ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
12:02
With a team of Italian, Venezuelan and Brazilian speleologists,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกืคืœืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื” ื•ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
12:05
which is called La Venta Teraphosa,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืดืœื” ื•ื ื˜ื” ื˜ืจืืคื•ืกื”ืด,
12:09
we will be back soon to Latin America,
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ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
12:11
because we want to explore other tepuis in the farthest areas of the Amazon.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ ื˜ืคื•ืื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก.
12:16
There are still very unknown mountains,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื—ืงืจื•,
12:19
like Marahuaca, which is almost 3,000 meters high above sea level,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืจืื”ื•ืืงื”, ื”ืžืชื ืฉื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 3000 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
12:24
or Aracร , which is in the upper region of Rio Negro in Brazil.
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ืื• ืืจืืงื”, ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื• ื ื’ืจื• ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
12:28
And we suppose that we could find there even bigger cave systems,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืฉื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืฉืช ืžืขืจื•ืช ืืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:33
and each one with its own undiscovered world.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืœื•ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”.
12:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:39
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:45
Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Francesco. Give me that to start so we don't forget.
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’ื™ื•ืกื ื™: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื ืฆืณืกืงื•. ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืืฉื›ื—.
12:49
Francesco, you said we don't need to go to Mars to find alien life,
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ืคืจืฆืณืกืงื•, ืืžืจืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื,
12:52
and indeed, last time we spoke, you were in Sardinia
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืกืจื“ื™ื ื™ื”
12:55
and you were training European astronauts.
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ื•ืฉื ืื™ืžื ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
12:58
So what do you, a speleologist, tell and teach to the astronauts?
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ืื– ืžื” ืืชื” ื›ืกืคืœืื•ืœื•ื’, ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื?
13:01
Francesco Sauro: Yeah, we are -- it's a program of training
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ืคืจื ืฆืณืกืงื• ืกืื•ืจื•: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• - ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
13:04
for not only European, but also NASA, Roskosmos, JAXA astronauts, in a cave.
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ืืš ืœื ืจืง, ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื .ื.ืก.ื, ืจื•ืกืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ื•ื™.ืง.ืก.ื.
13:09
So they stay in a cave for about one week in isolation.
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื” ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“.
13:12
They have to work together in a real, real dangerous environment,
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ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช,
13:16
and it's a real alien environment for them because it's unusual.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื–ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
13:20
It's always dark. They have to do science. They have a lot of tasks.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ืš ืฉื. ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
13:24
And it's very similar to a journey to Mars
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื
13:27
or the International Space Station.
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ืื• ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
13:29
BG: In principle. FS: Yes.
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ื‘ื’: ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ. ืคืก: ื›ืŸ.
13:30
BG: I want to go back to one of the pictures
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ื‘ื’: ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
13:32
that was in your slide show,
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ืžื”ืžืฆื’ืช ืฉืœืš,
13:34
and it's just representative of the other photos --
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช -
13:36
Weren't those photos amazing? Yeah?
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช, ืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื?
13:39
Audience: Yeah!
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ืงื”ืœ: ื›ืŸ!
13:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:44
FS: I have to thank the photographers from the team La Venta,
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ืคืก: ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืดืœื” ื•ื ื˜ื”ืด.
13:47
because all of those photos are from the photographers.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
13:51
BG: You bring, actually, photographers with you in the expedition.
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ื‘ื’: ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆืœืžื™ื ืื™ืชืš ืœืžืกืข.
13:54
They're professionals, they're speleologists and photographers.
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ื”ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื, ื”ื ืกืคืœืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืฆืœืžื™ื.
13:57
But when I look at these pictures, I wonder: there is zero light down there,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื”: ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช,
14:02
and yet they look incredibly well-exposed.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืื–ืŸ ืชืื•ืจื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
14:05
How do you take these pictures?
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ืื™ืš ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•?
14:07
How do your colleagues, the photographers, take these pictures?
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ืื™ืš ืขืžื™ืชื™ืš ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•?
14:10
FS: Yeah. They are working in a darkroom, basically,
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ืคืก: ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืš,
14:12
so you can open the shutter of the camera
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ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ืฆืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”
14:14
and use the lights to paint the environment.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
14:17
BG: So you're basically --
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ื‘ื’: ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื” -
14:18
FS: Yes. You can even keep the shutter open for one minute
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ืคืก: ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืžืฆื ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ืงื” ืฉืœืžื”
14:21
and then paint the environment.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
14:22
The final result is what you want to achieve.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
14:25
BG: You spray the environment with light and that's what you get.
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ื‘ื’: ืืชื ืžืจืกืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ.
14:28
Maybe we can try this at home someday, I don't know.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:31
(Laughter)
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ื‘ื’: ืคืจื ืฆืณืกืงื•, ืชื•ื“ื” (ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช). ืคืก: ืชื•ื“ื” (ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช).
14:32
BG: Francesco, grazie. FS: Grazie.
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14:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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