Joel Levine: Why we need to go back to Mars

71,589 views ใƒป 2010-03-25

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Mahmoud Aghiorly ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:15
I want to talk about 4.6 billion years of history
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ุณูˆู ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† 4.6 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ
00:20
in 18 minutes.
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ุฎู„ุงู„ 18 ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
00:22
That's 300 million years per minute.
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ุฃูŠ 300 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
00:25
Let's start with the first photograph NASA obtained
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ู„ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุน ุฃูˆู„ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† " ู†ุงุณุง " ุฃูุฎุฐุช
00:29
of planet Mars.
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ู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
00:31
This is fly-by, Mariner IV.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃูุฎุฐุช ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุชุญู„ูŠู‚ ุฌุงู†ุจูŠ ู„ู„ู…ูƒูˆูƒ " ู…ุงุฑูŠู†ูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน "
00:33
It was taken in 1965.
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 1965
00:36
When this picture appeared,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุธู‡ุฑุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ..
00:38
that well-known scientific journal,
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ููŠ ู…ุฌู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ
00:41
The New York Times, wrote in its editorial,
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ูƒุชุจุช ุตุญูŠูุฉ " ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆ ูŠูˆุฑูƒ ุชุงูŠู…ุฒ " ููŠ ู…ู‚ุฏู…ู‡ุง ..
00:44
"Mars is uninteresting.
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ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูƒูˆุจูŒ ู„ุง ูŠุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฅู‡ุชู…ุงู…
00:46
It's a dead world. NASA should not spend
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ุงู†ู‡ ุนุงู„ู… ู…ูŠุช .. ูˆู„ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ " ู†ุงุณุง " ุฃู† ุชุตุฑู ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„
00:49
any time or effort studying Mars anymore."
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ู…ุฑุฉู‹ ุฃูุฎุฑู‰
00:53
Fortunately, our leaders in Washington
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆู„ุญุณู† ุญุธู†ุง .. ูุฅู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ูˆุงุดู†ุทู†
00:55
at NASA headquarters knew better
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ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ " ู†ุงุณุง " ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ
00:57
and we began a very extensive study
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃู…ุฑูˆุง ุจุจุฏุก ุฃุจุญุงุซ ู…ููƒุซูุฉ
01:01
of the red planet.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑ.
01:03
One of the key questions in all of science,
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ูˆุงุญุฏูŒ ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุทุฑุญ ุฏูˆู…ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ู‡ูˆ ..
01:07
"Is there life outside of Earth?"
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" ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุŸ "
01:09
I believe that Mars is the most likely target
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃู†ุณุจ ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ..
01:13
for life outside the Earth.
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ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
01:15
I'm going to show you in a few minutes
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ูˆุณูˆู ุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุฎู„ุงู„ ุจุถุนุฉ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚
01:17
some amazing measurements that suggest
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ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุนุชู‚ุงุฏ
01:19
there may be life on Mars.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฑุฌุญ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
01:21
But let me start with a Viking photograph.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู…ุน ุตูˆุฑุฉ " ูุงูŠูƒู†ุฌ "
01:25
This is a composite taken by Viking in 1976.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ ุฅู„ุชูู‚ุทุช ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ " ูุงูŠูƒู†ุฌ " ุนุงู… 1976
01:29
Viking was developed and managed at the
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ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ูุงูŠูƒู†ุฌ ุทูˆุฑุช ูˆุฃุฏูŠุฑุช ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„
01:32
NASA Langley Research Center.
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ู…ู‚ุฑ ุฃุจุญุงุซ " ู†ุงุณุง " ููŠ ู„ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠ
01:34
We sent two orbiters and two landers in the summer of 1976.
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ุญูŠุซ ุชู… ุฅุฑุณุงู„ ู…ูƒูˆูƒูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ .. ูˆู…ุณุจุงุฑูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ููŠ ุตูŠู 1976
01:38
We had four spacecraft, two around Mars,
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ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุฃุฑุจุน ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ูุถุงุฆูŠุฉ .. ุฅุซู†ุงู† ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฏุงุฑุช ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
01:42
two on the surface --
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ูˆุฅุซู†ุงู† ู‡ุจุทุช ุนู„ูŠู‡
01:44
an amazing accomplishment.
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ูƒุงู† ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒุงู‹ ุฑุงุฆุนุงู‹
01:46
This is the first photograph taken from
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃูู„ุชู‚ุทุช
01:48
the surface of any planet.
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ู„ุณุทุญ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
01:50
This is a Viking Lander photograph
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูู„ุชู‚ุทุช ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุณุจุงุฑ " ูุงูŠูƒู†ุฌ"
01:52
of the surface of Mars.
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ู„ุณุทุญ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
01:54
And yes, the red planet is red.
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ูˆู†ุนู… .. ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑ .. ุฃุญู…ุฑูŒ ูุนู„ุงู‹
01:57
Mars is half the size of the Earth,
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ูˆูŠุจู„ุบ ุญุฌู… ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ู†ุตู ุญุฌู… ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
02:00
but because two-thirds of the Earth is covered by water,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆุจู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุซู„ุซูŠู‡ุง ู…ุณุทุญุงุช ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ
02:03
the land area on Mars
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ูุฅู† ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ูŠุงุจุณุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
02:06
is comparable to the land area on Earth.
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ู…ู‚ุงุฑุจุฉ ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
02:08
So, Mars is a pretty big place even though it's half the size.
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ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ูƒุจูŠุฑูŒ ุฑุบู… ุฃู†ู‡ ุจู†ุตู ุญุฌู… ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
02:13
We have obtained topographic measurements
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุงุณุงุช ุทูˆุจูˆุบุฑุงููŠุฉ
02:16
of the surface of Mars. We understand
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ู„ุณุทุญ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูู‡ู…ู†ุง
02:18
the elevation differences.
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ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ููŠ ุฅุฑุชูุงุนุงุช ู…ุณุทุญุงุชู‡
02:20
We know a lot about Mars.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุนู†ู‡ - ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ -
02:22
Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system,
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ูุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูŠู…ู„ูƒ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุจุฑูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุฉ
02:26
Olympus Mons.
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ูŠุฏุนูŠ " ุฃูˆู„ูŠู…ุจูˆุณ ู…ูˆู†ุณ "
02:28
Mars has the Grand Canyon
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุงู„ุตุฏุน ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ
02:30
of the solar system, Valles Marineris.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ ูˆูŠุฏุนู‰ " ูุงู„ูŠุณ ู…ุงุฑูŠู†ุฑูŠุณ"
02:33
Very, very interesting planet.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูƒูˆูƒุจูŒ ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุฅู‡ุชู…ุงู… ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹
02:35
Mars has the largest
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ูˆู„ู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูŠู…ู„ูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ..
02:38
impact crater in the solar system,
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ุฅุฑุชุทุงู… ู…ุฐู†ุจ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ ูˆุชุฏุนู‰ ...
02:40
Hellas Basin.
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" ู‡ูŠู„ุงุณ ุจุงุณูŠู† "
02:42
This is 2,000 miles across.
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ูˆุนุฑุถู‡ุง 2000 ู…ูŠู„
02:44
If you happened to be on Mars
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ุฅู† ุตุฏู ุฃู†ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
02:46
when this impactor hit,
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ุนู†ุฏ ุฅุฑุชุทุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฐู†ุจ
02:48
it was a really bad day on Mars.
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ูุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูˆู…ู ุณูŠุก ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
02:50
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:52
This is Olympus Mons.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ " ุฃูˆู„ูŠู…ุจูˆุณ ู…ูˆู†ุณ "
02:54
This is bigger than the state of Arizona.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ุฃุฑูŠุฒูˆู†ุง
02:57
Volcanoes are important, because volcanoes
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ุฅู† ุงู„ุจุฑุงูƒูŠู† ู…ู‡ู…ุฉูŒ .. ู„ุงู† ุงู„ุจุฑุงูƒูŠู†
02:59
produce atmospheres and they produce oceans.
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆู„ุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฌูˆุงุก .. ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตู†ุน ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช
03:02
We're looking at Valles Marineris,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ุขู† ุฅู„ู‰ " ูุงู„ูŠุณ ู…ุงุฑูŠู†ุฑูŠุณ"
03:05
the largest canyon in the solar system,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุตุฏุน ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ
03:07
superimposed on a map of the United States,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠู…ุชุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุงุฑุทุฉ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ
03:10
3,000 miles across.
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ูˆูŠุจู„ุบ ุทูˆู„ู‡ 3000 ู…ูŠู„
03:12
One of the most intriguing features about Mars,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู… ุณู…ุงุช ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู‡ุชู…ุงู…
03:15
the National Academy of Science says
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ูˆุชู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนู„ูˆู… ..
03:17
one of the 10 major mysteries of the space age,
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ุฃู† ูˆุงุญุฏุง ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู… ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃู„ุบุงุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ..
03:20
is why certain areas of Mars
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ู‡ูˆ ู„ู…ูŽ ุฃู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
03:23
are so highly magnetized.
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ู…ูู…ูŽุบู†ุทุฉูŒ ุจุดุฏุฉ ..
03:25
We call this crustal magnetism.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุฏุนูˆู‡ุง .. ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠุฉ
03:27
There are regions on Mars, where, for some reason --
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ูู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ .. ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุณุจุจูŒ ู…ุง ..
03:30
we don't understand why at this point --
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ู„ุงู†ุนูŠู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ
03:33
the surface is very, very highly magnetized.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉ ู…ูู…ุบู†ุทุฉูŒ ุจุดุฏุฉูŒ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹ !!
03:36
Is there water on Mars?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู…ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ ุŸ
03:38
The answer is no, there is no liquid water
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ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู‡ูˆ .. ู„ุง ! .. ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุงุกูŒ ุณุงุฆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ...
03:41
on the surface of Mars today.
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ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
03:43
But there is intriguing evidence
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุฃุฏู„ุฉ ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ
03:45
that suggests that the early history of Mars
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ุชุฑุฌุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ..
03:48
there may have been rivers
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑุงู‹
03:50
and fast flowing water.
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ูˆู…ูŠุงู‡ูŒ ู…ุชุฏูู‚ุฉ
03:53
Today Mars is very very dry.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุฌุงููŒ ุฌุฏุงู‹
03:55
We believe there's some water in the polar caps,
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ูˆู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ููŠ ุฃูƒูˆุงุจ ุฃู‚ุทุงุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
03:58
there are polar caps of North Pole and South Pole.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุงูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆุจ .. ููŠ ู‚ุทุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠ
04:01
Here are some recent images.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
04:03
This is from Spirit and Opportunity.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ู† " ุณุจูŠุฑุช " ูˆ " ุงุจูˆุฑุชูŠู†ุชูŠ "
04:06
These images that show at one time,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูˆู…ุง ู…ุง ..
04:08
there was very fast flowing water on the surface of Mars.
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู…ุงุกูŒ ู…ุชุฏูู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูˆุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
04:12
Why is water important? Water is important
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุงุก ู…ูู‡ู… ุŸ .. ุงู„ู…ุงุก ู…ู‡ู… ู„ุงู†ู‡ ..
04:14
because if you want life you have to have water.
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ุฃู† ุฃุฑุฏุช ุฃู† ุชู…ู„ูƒ ุญูŠุงุฉู‹ .. ููŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู† ุชู…ู„ูƒ ู…ุงุกู‹
04:18
Water is the key ingredient
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ุงู„ู…ุงุก ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ
04:20
in the evolution, the origin of life on a planet.
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ููŠ ุฃูŠ ุชุทูˆุฑ ู„ุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจ
04:24
Here is some picture of Antarctica
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู„ู„ู‚ุทุจ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠ
04:26
and a picture of Olympus Mons,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑ ู„ " ุฃูˆู„ูŠู…ุจูˆุณ ู…ูˆู†ุณ "
04:29
very similar features, glaciers.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ูŠุฒุงุช ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ .. ู†ุฑู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑุงู‹ ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ
04:31
So, this is frozen water.
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ุฅุฐุง .. ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุงุก ู…ูุชุฌู…ุฏ
04:33
This is ice water on Mars.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุงุกูŒ ู…ุชุฌู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
04:36
This is my favorite picture. This was just taken a few weeks ago.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุตูˆุฑุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃูู„ุชู‚ุทุช ู…ู†ุฐ ุฃุณุจูˆุนูŠู†
04:39
It has not been seen publicly.
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ูˆู„ู… ุชู†ุดุฑ ุจุนุฏ ู„ู„ุนุงู…ุฉ
04:41
This is European space agency
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠุฉ
04:44
Mars Express, image of a crater on Mars
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุฑุถ ุตูˆุฑุงู‹ ู„ู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุชูˆุถุญ " ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅุฑุชุทุงู… "
04:46
and in the middle of the crater
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ูˆููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ
04:48
we have liquid water, we have ice.
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ู†ุฑู‰ ู…ุงุกูŒ ุณุงุฆู„ .. ูˆุฌู„ูŠุฏ
04:51
Very intriguing photograph.
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ุตูˆุฑุฉูŒ ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุฌุฏุงู‹
04:53
We now believe that in the early history of Mars,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุธู† ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…
04:57
which is 4.6 billion years ago,
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ุฃูŠ ู…ู†ุฐ ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ 4.6 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุนุงู… ู…ุถู‰
05:00
4.6 billion years ago, Mars was very Earth-like.
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ู…ู†ุฐ ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ 4.6 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุนุงู… ู…ุถู‰ , ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูŠุดุจู‡ู ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
05:04
Mars had rivers, Mars had lakes,
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ูู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูŠุญูˆูŠ ุจุญูŠุฑุงุช ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑุงู‹
05:07
but more important Mars had planetary-scale oceans.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู‡ู… ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูŠู…ู„ูƒ ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ
05:11
We believe that the oceans were in the northern hemisphere,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุธู† ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู†ุตู ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
05:15
and this area in blue,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฒุฑู‚ุงุก
05:17
which shows a depression of about four miles,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุถุญ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฅู†ุญุณุงุฑ ุทูˆู„ู‡ุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃู…ูŠุงู„
05:20
was the ancient ocean area
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ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ู…ุญูŠุท ู…ุงุฆูŠ
05:23
on the surface of Mars.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
05:25
Where did the ocean's worth of water on Mars go?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠู† ุฐู‡ุจุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุŸ
05:28
Well, we have an idea.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ .. ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ููƒุฑุฉ
05:30
This is a measurement we obtained a few years ago
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ุชุดูŠุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุฏุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุช
05:33
from a Mars-orbiting satellite called Odyssey.
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ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู‚ู…ุฑ ุตู†ุงุนูŠ ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ููŠ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูŠุฏุนู‰ " ุฃูˆุฏูŠุณูŠ"
05:37
Sub-surface water on Mars,
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ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ุน ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ุณุทุญ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
05:39
frozen in the form of ice.
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ุชุฌู…ุฏุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุซู„ูˆุฌ
05:42
And this shows the percent. If it's a blueish color,
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ูŠู…ูŠู„ ู„ู„ุฒุฑู‚ุฉ ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ
05:45
it means 16 percent by weight.
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16% ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฒู†
05:48
Sixteen percent, by weight, of the interior
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ุฃูŠ 16% ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠ
05:50
contains frozen water, or ice.
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ูŠุญูˆูŠ ู…ูŠุงู‡ู‹ ู…ุชุฌู…ุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฌู„ูŠุฏ
05:53
So, there is a lot of water below the surface.
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ุฅุฐุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุฃุณูู„ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
05:56
The most intriguing and puzzling measurement,
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู… ูˆุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ
06:00
in my opinion, we've obtained of Mars,
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ุจูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑูŠ .. ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
06:03
was released earlier this year
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู… ู†ุดุฑู‡ ููŠ ู…ู‚ุชุจู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ
06:06
in the magazine Science.
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ููŠ ู…ุฌู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ..
06:09
And what we're looking at is the presence of the gas methane,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ูˆ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู† " CH4"
06:13
CH4, in the atmosphere of Mars.
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ููŠ ุฃุฌูˆุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
06:17
And you can see there are three distinct regions of methane.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู…ูู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู† ู‡ู†ุง ..
06:21
Why is methane important?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู† ู…ูู‡ู… ุŸ
06:23
Because on Earth, almost all --
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ู„ุณุจุจ ุจุณูŠุท .. ุฃู† ููŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู†
06:25
99.9 percent -- of the methane
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ุฃูŠ 99.9 % ู…ู†ู‡
06:28
is produced by living systems,
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ุชู… ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ
06:31
not little green men, but microscopic life
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ู„ูŠุณ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ " ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุฎูุถุฑ - ุฑุฌุงู„ ุงู„ูุถุงุก " ุงู†ู…ุง ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุณูƒูˆุจูŠุฉ
06:35
below the surface or at the surface.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูˆุถุน ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุฃูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡
06:37
We now have evidence
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู„ูŠู„
06:39
that methane is in the atmosphere of Mars,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŒ ููŠ ุฃุฌูˆุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
06:42
a gas that, on Earth,
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ุฃูŠ ุงู„ุบุงุฒ ู†ูุณู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
06:44
is biogenic in origin,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ
06:46
produced by living systems.
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ู…ูู†ุชุฌูŒ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ
06:48
These are the three plumes: A, B1, B2.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑ ู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุนู…ุฏุฉ ุญุฌุฑูŠุฉ " A, B1, B2 "
06:52
And this is the terrain it appears over,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุธู‡ุฑุช ููŠู‡ุง ..
06:55
and we know from geological studies
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ
06:58
that these regions are the oldest regions on Mars.
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ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฏู… ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
07:02
In fact, the Earth and Mars
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูุฃู† ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูˆูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
07:04
are both 4.6 billion years old.
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ูŠุจู„ุบุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง 4.6 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ
07:08
The oldest rock on Earth is only 3.6 billion.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃู‚ุฏู… ุตุฎุฑุฉ ูˆุฌุฏุช ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง 3.6 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ
07:12
The reason there is a billion-year gap
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ูˆุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู†ู‚ุต ุจู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุนุงู… ููŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฃุญุฌุงุฑ
07:15
in our geological understanding
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ููŠ ุชุตูˆุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง
07:17
is because of plate tectonics,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุตูุงุฆุญ ุงู„ุชูƒุชูˆู†ูŠุฉ
07:19
The crust of the Earth has been recycled.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉ ุฃุนูŠุฏ ุชุดูƒูŠู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุฒู…ู†ู ู…ุง
07:22
We have no geological record prior
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ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ู†ู…ู„ูƒ ุณุฌู„ ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ู„ุชูƒ
07:24
for the first billion years.
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ุงู„ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
07:26
That record exists on Mars.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุฌู„ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
07:28
And this terrain that we're looking at
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง
07:30
dates back to 4.6 billion years
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ุชุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ 4.6 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุนุงู…
07:34
when Earth and Mars were formed.
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ุฃูŠ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุดูƒู„ ูƒูˆูƒุจูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
07:37
It was a Tuesday.
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ูŠูˆู…ูŽ ุซูู„ุงุซุงุก
07:39
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
07:41
This is a map that shows
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ูˆุชูุธู‡ุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุทุฉ
07:43
where we've put our spacecraft on the surface of Mars.
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ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุถุนู†ุง ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุจุชู†ุง ุงู„ูุถุงุฆูŠุฉ
07:47
Here is Viking I, Viking II.
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ูˆู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ " ูุงูŠูƒู†ุฌ 1 " ูˆ " ูุงูŠูƒู†ุฌ 2 "
07:50
This is Opportunity. This is Spirit.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ " ุงุจูˆุฑุชูŠู†ุชูŠ " ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ " ุณุจูŠุฑุช "
07:53
This is Mars Pathfinder. This is Phoenix,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุนุฑุจุฉ " ุจุงุซููŠู†ุฏูŠุฑ " ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏุนู‰ " ููŠู†ูƒุณ "
07:55
we just put two years ago.
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ูˆุตู„ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุงู…ูŠู†
07:57
Notice all of our rovers and all of our landers
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ู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ูƒูู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ูˆุงู„ุนุฑุจุงุช ..
08:01
have gone to the northern hemisphere.
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ูƒูŠู ุชู… ุชูˆุฌูŠู‡ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุทุจ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠ
08:03
That's because the northern hemisphere
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุตู ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
08:06
is the region of the ancient
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุญูˆูŠ ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุง
08:08
ocean basin.
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ุญูˆุถ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท
08:10
There aren't many craters.
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† " ุฏูˆุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุฅุฑุชุทุงู… "
08:12
And that's because the water protected the basin
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญู…ุช ุงู„ุญูˆุถ ...
08:15
from being impacted by asteroids and meteorites.
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ู…ู† ุฅุฑุชุทุงู… ุงู„ู†ูŠุงุฒูƒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฐู†ุจุงุช
08:19
But look in the southern hemisphere.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุตู ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
08:22
In the southern hemisphere there are impact craters,
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ูู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† " ุฏูˆุงุฆุฑ " ุงู„ุฅุฑุชุทุงู…
08:24
there are volcanic craters.
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ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ููˆู‡ุงุช ุงู„ุจุฑุงูƒูŠู†
08:26
Here's Hellas Basin,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ู†ุฑู‰ " ู‡ูŠู„ุงุณ ุจุงุณูŠู† "
08:28
a very very different place, geologically.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ูƒุงู†ูŒ ู…ุฎุชู„ููŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ..
08:31
Look where the methane is, the methane is in a very
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ูˆุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูƒุงู† ุชูˆุถุน ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู† .. ู†ุฑู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชูˆุถุน
08:34
rough terrain area.
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ููŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ูˆุนุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
08:38
What is the best way to unravel
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ู…ุงู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุซู„ูŠ ู„ูƒุดู ..
08:40
the mysteries on Mars that exist?
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ุฃู„ุบุงุฒ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ุŸ
08:43
We asked this question 10 years ago.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุทุฑุญู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู…ู†ุฐ 10 ุณู†ูˆุงุช
08:47
We invited 10 of the top Mars scientists
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฏุนูˆุฉ ุฃูุถู„ 10 ุนู„ู…ุงุก ู…ุฎุชุตูŠู† ุจูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
08:50
to the Langley Research Center for two days.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุฃุจุญุงุซ ู„ุงู†ุบู„ูŠ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ูŠูˆู…ูŠู† ..
08:54
We addressed on the board
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูˆุถุนู†ุง ู†ูุตุจ ุฃุนูŠู†ู‡ู…
08:56
the major questions that have not been answered.
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ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ู†ุณุชุทุน ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู†ู‡ุง
08:59
And we spent two days deciding
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ู‚ุถูŠู†ุง ูŠูˆู…ูŠู† ู†ูู‚ุฑุฑ
09:02
how to best answer this question.
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ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุซู„ู‰ ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ
09:05
And the result of our meeting
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฎู„ุงุตุฉ ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ..
09:08
was a robotic rocket-powered airplane we call ARES.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุตุงุฑูˆุฎูŠ ุทุงุฆุฑ ูŠุฏุนู‰ - ุขุฑูŠุณ -
09:14
It's an Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Surveyor.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฅุฎุชุตุงุฑ ู„ " ุงู„ู…ุณุญ ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฅู‚ู„ูŠู…ูŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠ "
09:18
There's a model of ARES here.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ู„ " ุขุฑูŠุณ "
09:20
This is a 20-percent scale model.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุจู„ุบ 20% ู…ู† ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ
09:23
This airplane was designed at the Langley Research Center.
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุตู…ู…ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ู„ุงู†ุบู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุงุจุญุงุซ
09:27
If any place in the world
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ุฅู† ูˆุฌุฏ ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
09:29
can build an airplane to fly on Mars,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุจู†ุงุก ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุชุญู„ูŠู‚ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
09:31
it's the Langley Research Center,
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ูู‡ูˆ ุญุชู…ุง ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ู„ุงู†ุบู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุงุจุญุงุซ
09:33
for almost 100 years
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ู„ู…ุฏุฉ 100 ุนุงู…
09:35
a leading center of aeronautics in the world.
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ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ูุถุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุฃุฌู…ุน
09:38
We fly about a mile above the surface.
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ุณูˆู ู†ุญู„ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฑุชูุงุน ู…ูŠู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
09:41
We cover hundreds of miles,
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ูˆุณูˆู ู†ูƒุชุดู ุงู„ู…ุฆุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุงู„
09:43
and we fly about 450 miles an hour.
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ูˆุณูˆู ู†ุญู„ู‚ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ 450 ู…ูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุงุนุฉ
09:46
We can do things that rovers can't do
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ุงูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุนุฑุจุงุช ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุง
09:49
and landers can't do:
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ุฃูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช
09:51
We can fly above mountains, volcanoes, impact craters;
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ู„ุงู†ู‡ ุณู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู‚ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ , ูˆุงู„ุจุฑุงูƒูŠู† , ูˆุฏูˆุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุฅุฑุชุทุงู…
09:54
we fly over valleys;
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ูˆููˆู‚ ุงู„ูˆุฏูŠุงุช
09:56
we can fly over surface magnetism,
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ูˆููˆู‚ ุงู„ุณุทูˆุญ ุงู„ู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠุฉ
09:58
the polar caps, subsurface water;
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ูˆ " ุฃูƒูˆุงุจ " ุงู„ุฃู‚ุทุงุจ .. ูˆุชู‚ุตูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุฃุณูู„ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
10:01
and we can search for life on Mars.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
10:03
But, of equal importance,
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠูˆุงุฒูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
10:05
as we fly through the atmosphere of Mars,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุณูˆู ู†ุญู„ู‚ ุนุจุฑ ุฃุฌูˆุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
10:08
we transmit that journey,
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ูˆุณูˆู ู†ุจุซ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ..
10:11
the first flight of an airplane outside of the Earth,
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ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุญู„ู‚ ููŠู‡ุง ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ููŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
10:14
we transmit those images back to Earth.
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ูˆุณูˆู ู†ุจุซ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
10:17
And our goal is to inspire the American public
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ูˆู‡ุฏูู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู†ูู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ุดุนุจ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ
10:21
who is paying for this mission through tax dollars.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏูุน ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุถุฑุงุฆุจู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูุณุฏุฏู‡ุง
10:24
But more important we will
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡
10:27
inspire the next generation of scientists,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฅู„ู‡ุงู… ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก
10:30
technologists, engineers and mathematicians.
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ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠู† ูˆุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช
10:33
And that's a critical area of national security
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑูŒ ู…ูู‡ู… ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ุฃู…ู†ู†ุง ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠ
10:37
and economic vitality, to make sure
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ูˆุฅู‚ุชุตุงุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ .. ูˆู„ูƒูŠ ู†ุถู…ู† ..
10:41
we produce the next generation
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ุฃู† ู†ุฎุฑุฌ ุฌูŠู„ูŒ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ
10:43
of scientists, engineers, mathematicians and technologists.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠู† ูˆุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠูŠู†
10:46
This is what ARES looks like
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ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุณูŠุจุฏูˆ - ุขุฑูŠุณ -
10:49
as it flies over Mars.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุญู„ู‚ ููˆู‚ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
10:51
We preprogram it.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุจุฑู…ุฌุชู‡
10:53
We will fly where the methane is.
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ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠูุญู„ู‚ ููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู†
10:55
We will have instruments aboard the plane
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ูˆุณูˆู ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุชู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ู…ุนุฏุงุช
10:58
that will sample, every three minutes, the atmosphere of Mars.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูุญุต ูˆู‚ูŠุงุณ ูƒู„ 3 ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
11:01
We will look for methane
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ูˆุณูˆู ู†ูุญุต ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ..
11:03
as well as other gasses
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ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช
11:05
produced by living systems.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุชุฌู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ
11:07
We will pinpoint where these gases emanate from,
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ูˆุณูˆู ู†ูุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตุฏุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช
11:11
because we can measure the gradient where it comes from,
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ู„ุงู†ู†ุง ุณู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู…ูŠู„ ุชูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู„ุชู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ
11:14
and there, we can direct the next mission
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุณูˆู ู†ู†ุชู‚ู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ
11:17
to land right in that area.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‡ุจูˆุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุทุญ
11:20
How do we transport an airplane to Mars?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ู‚ู„ ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุŸ
11:23
In two words, very carefully.
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ุจูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู† ูู‚ุท ... ุจุญุฐุฑ ุดุฏูŠุฏ !
11:26
The problem is we don't fly it to Mars,
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ูŠูู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู‚ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ !
11:30
we put it in a spacecraft
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ุฅู†ู…ุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ ูุถุงุฆูŠุฉ
11:33
and we send it to Mars.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู†ุฑุณู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
11:35
The problem is the spacecraft's
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูุฎุฑู‰ .. ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุงู„ูุถุงุฆูŠุฉ
11:37
largest diameter is nine feet;
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ูŠุจู„ุบ ู‚ุทุฑ ุฃูƒุจุฑู‡ุง 9 ุฃู‚ุฏุงู…
11:41
ARES is 21-foot wingspan, 17 feet long.
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ุฃู…ุง ู…ุฌุงุฒ ุฃุฌู†ุญุฉ - ุขุฑูŠุณ - ููŠุจู„ุบ 17 ู‚ุฏู…
11:46
How do we get it to Mars?
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ูƒูŠู ุณู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ู†ู‚ู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุŸ
11:48
We fold it,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุณูˆู ู†ุทูˆูŠู‡ุง ..
11:50
and we transport it in a spacecraft.
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ูˆู†ู†ู‚ู„ู‡ุง ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ ูุถุงุฆูŠุฉ
11:53
And we have it in something called an aeroshell.
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ูˆุณูˆู ู†ุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุดูŠุก ูŠุฏุนู‰ " ุงู„ุฏุฑุน ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ "
11:56
This is how we do it.
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ูˆุณูˆู ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุฐุง .. ู‡ูƒุฐุง ..
11:58
And we have a little video that describes the sequence.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุดุฑูŠุท ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ูŠุดุฑุญ ุชุชุงุจุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ
12:02
Video: Seven, six. Green board. Five, four, three, two, one.
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ุดุฑูŠุท ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ : - ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุชุตุฑูŠุญ ู„ู„ุฅู‚ู„ุงุน .. 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ..
12:07
Main engine start, and liftoff.
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ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ... ุฅู‚ู„ุงุน
12:20
Joel Levine: This is a launch from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
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ุฌูˆูŠู„ ู„ุงููŠู† : ู„ู‚ุฏ ุณูุฌู„ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ููŠ ูู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏุง
12:29
This is the spacecraft taking nine months
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ูˆุณูˆู ุชุณุชุบุฑู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ 9 ุฃุดู‡ุฑ
12:31
to get to Mars.
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ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
12:33
It enters the atmosphere of Mars.
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ูˆู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
12:36
A lot of heating,
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ุงู„ุญุงุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹
12:41
frictional heating. It's going 18 thousand miles an hour.
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ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฅุญุชูƒุงูƒ ุชุจู„ุบ.. 18 ุฃู„ู ู…ูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุงุนุฉ
12:43
A parachute opens up to slow it down.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุณูŠุชููุชุญ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ุฉ
12:47
The thermal tiles fall off.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุณุชูุฑู…ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุบู„ูุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ
12:50
The airplane is exposed to the atmosphere for the first time.
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ูˆุณูˆู ุชูˆุงุฌู‡ ุงู„ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ
12:53
It unfolds.
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ูˆู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุชูุชุญ ุฌูˆุงู†ุจู‡ุง
12:56
The rocket engine begins.
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ูˆู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุตุงุฑูˆุฎูŠ ูŠุนู…ู„
13:05
We believe that in a one-hour flight
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุณุงุนุฉ ุชุญู„ูŠู‚ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
13:08
we can rewrite the textbook on Mars
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ุชูู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒูุชุจ ุงู„ู…ุฎุตุตุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
13:11
by making high-resolution measurements of the atmosphere,
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ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณุงุช ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ
13:14
looking for gases of biogenic origin,
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ูˆุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุนู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุฌุฉ ุญูŠูˆูŠุงู‹
13:17
looking for gases of volcanic origin,
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ูˆุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุชุฌ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุฑุงูƒูŠู†
13:20
studying the surface, studying the magnetism
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ูˆุณูˆู ู†ุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠุฉ
13:23
on the surface, which we don't understand,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ .. ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ู†ูู‡ู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุขู†
13:25
as well as about a dozen other areas.
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ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฉ ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃูุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู‡ุชู…ุงู…
13:28
Practice makes perfect.
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ุฅู† ุงู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู…ุฑ ุณูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุฑุญู„ุฉ ู…ุซุงู„ูŠุฉ
13:30
How do we know we can do it?
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ูƒูŠู ู†ุนุฑู ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุŸ
13:32
Because we have tested ARES model,
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฅุฎุชุจุฑู†ุง ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ - ุขุฑูŠุณ -
13:36
several models in a half a dozen wind tunnels
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ูˆุจุงู„ุฃุตุญ ุนุฏุฉ ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ููŠ 6 ุฃู†ูุงู‚ ู‡ูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ
13:39
at the NASA Langley Research Center for eight years,
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ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ู„ุงู†ุบู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ุชุงุจุน ู„ู†ุงุณุง .. ู„ู…ุฏุฉ 8 ุณู†ูˆุงุช
13:42
under Mars conditions.
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ุชุญุช ุธุฑูˆู ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
13:44
And, of equal importance
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ูˆุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ
13:46
is, we test ARES in the Earth's atmosphere,
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑ - ุขุฑูŠุณ _ ููŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ู„ู„ุฃุฑุถ
13:50
at 100,000 feet,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฑุชูุงุน 100000 ู‚ุฏู…
13:53
which is comparable to the density and pressure
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุดุงุจู‡ ุงู„ูƒุซุงูุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุถุบุท
13:56
of the atmosphere on Mars where we'll fly.
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ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณู†ุญู„ู‚ ููŠู‡
13:59
Now, 100,000 feet, if you fly cross-country to Los Angeles,
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ุงู„ุขู† .. 100000 ู‚ุฏู… .. ุฅู† ูƒู†ุช ุชุญู„ู‚ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ู„ูˆุณ ุฃู†ุฌู„ูˆุณ
14:02
you fly 37,000 feet.
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ูุฅู†ูƒ ุชุญู„ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฑุชูุงุน 37000 ู‚ุฏู…
14:04
We do our tests at 100,000 feet.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฃุจุญุงุซู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฑุชูุงุน 100000 ู‚ุฏู…
14:07
And I want to show you one of our tests.
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช
14:10
This is a half-scale model.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุญุฌู…ู‡ ู†ุตู ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ
14:12
This is a high-altitude helium balloon.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ู†ุทุงุฏ ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู… ุนุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฅุฑุชูุงุน
14:14
This is over Tilamook, Oregon.
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ูˆุฌุฑุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ููˆู‚ " ุชูŠู„ุงู…ูˆูƒ - ุฃูˆุฑูŠุฌูˆู† - "
14:17
We put the folded airplane on the balloon --
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูˆุถุนู†ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ " ุงู„ู…ุทูˆูŠุฉ "
14:21
it took about three hours to get up there --
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุญู„ู‚ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ 3 ุณุงุนุงุช ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ
14:23
and then we released it on command
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุชู… ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ
14:25
at 103,000 feet,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฑุชูุงุน 103000 ู‚ุฏู…
14:27
and we deploy the airplane and everything works perfectly.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุญู„ู‚ุช ุงู„ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ูˆุชู… ูƒูู„ ุดูŠุก ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุฑุงู…
14:31
And we've done
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ..
14:33
high-altitude and low-altitude tests,
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ุจุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฑุชูุงุนุงุช ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ูˆู…ุฑุชูุนุฉ
14:35
just to perfect this technique.
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ู„ู„ุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ..
14:40
We're ready to go.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู…ุณุชุนุฏูˆู† ู„ู„ุฅู†ุทู„ุงู‚
14:42
I have a scale model here.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ู…ูุตุบุฑ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
14:44
But we have a full-scale model
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ูˆุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„
14:46
in storage at the NASA Langley Research Center.
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ู…ูุฎุฒู† ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ู„ุงู†ุบู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ุชุงุจุน ู„ู†ุงุณุง
14:49
We're ready to go. All we need is a check from NASA headquarters
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ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุทู„ุงู‚ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ู‡ูˆ " ุดูŠูƒ ู…ุงู„ูŠ " ู…ู† ู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ู†ุงุณุง
14:53
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
14:55
to cover the costs.
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ู„ุชุบุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูู‚ุงุช
14:57
I'm prepared to donate my honorarium for today's talk
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ู…ุณุชุนุฏูŒ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู„ู„ุชุจุฑุน ุจุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ู‡ุฐุง " ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ "
15:00
for this mission.
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ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ
15:02
There's actually no honorarium for anyone for this thing.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุงูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ูƒุงูุฆุงุช .. ู„ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุฃุดูŠุงุก .
15:06
This is the ARES team;
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ูุฑูŠู‚ - ุขุฑูŠุณ -
15:08
we have about 150 scientists, engineers;
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† 150 ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณ
15:12
where we're working with Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ุฏูุน ุงู„ู†ูุงุซ
15:14
Goddard Space Flight Center,
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ูˆ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุบูˆุฏุงุฑุฏ ู„ุฑุญู„ุงุช ุงู„ูุถุงุก
15:16
Ames Research Center and half a dozen major universities
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ูˆู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุฃู…ูŠุณ ู„ู„ุจุญูˆุซ ูˆ 6 ุฌุงู…ุนุงุช ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ
15:19
and corporations in developing this.
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ูˆุนุฏุฉ ุดุฑูƒุงุช ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ
15:21
It's a large effort. It's all at NASA Langley Research Center.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฌู‡ุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ู„ุงู†ุบู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ุชุงุจุน ู„ู†ุงุณุง
15:28
And let me conclude by saying
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ูˆุณูˆู ุฃุถูŠู ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆู„
15:31
not too far from here,
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ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง
15:33
right down the road in Kittyhawk, North Carolina,
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ูˆููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุทุฑูŠู‚ " ูƒูŠุชูŠู‡ูˆูƒ " ููŠ ุดู…ุงู„ ูƒุงุฑูˆู„ูŠู†ุงุŒ
15:36
a little more than 100 years ago
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ูˆู…ู† ู…ุงูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุนู† 100 ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช
15:38
history was made
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ุตู†ุนู†ุง ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ
15:40
when we had the first powered flight of an airplane on Earth.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฅู…ุชู„ูƒู†ุง ุฃูˆู„ ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ุจู…ุญุฑูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉ
15:43
We are on the verge right now
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ูˆู†ุญู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚
15:45
to make the first flight of an airplane
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ู„ูƒูŠ ู†ุตู†ุน ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
15:48
outside the Earth's atmosphere.
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ููŠ ุบู„ุงูู ุฌูˆูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
15:50
We are prepared to fly this on Mars,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุณุชุนุฏ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
15:53
rewrite the textbook about Mars.
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ู„ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุฌูู„ ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุนู†ู‡
15:55
If you're interested in more information,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชู… ู…ู‡ุชู…ูˆู† ุจู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
15:58
we have a website that describes this exciting
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ูู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ุดุฃู†ุง ู…ูˆู‚ุนุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ูŠุดุฑุญ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุดูˆูŠู‚
16:01
and intriguing mission, and why we want to do it.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ูˆู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุง
16:04
Thank you very much.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุง ู„ูƒู…
16:06
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7