Joel Levine: Why we need to go back to Mars

71,519 views ใƒป 2010-03-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: eviatar edlerman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
I want to talk about 4.6 billion years of history
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
00:20
in 18 minutes.
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ื‘ 18 ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:22
That's 300 million years per minute.
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ื–ื” 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœื“ืงื”.
00:25
Let's start with the first photograph NASA obtained
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ื‘ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ืืกื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•
00:29
of planet Mars.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืžืื“ื™ื.
00:31
This is fly-by, Mariner IV.
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ื–ื” ืžื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ "ืžืจื™ื ืจ 4".
00:33
It was taken in 1965.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ 1965.
00:36
When this picture appeared,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื”,
00:38
that well-known scientific journal,
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ื™ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ,
00:41
The New York Times, wrote in its editorial,
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ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื•,
00:44
"Mars is uninteresting.
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"ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
00:46
It's a dead world. NASA should not spend
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืžืช. ื ืืกื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื–
00:49
any time or effort studying Mars anymore."
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ืขื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื."
00:53
Fortunately, our leaders in Washington
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
00:55
at NASA headquarters knew better
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ื‘ืžืคืงื“ืช ื ืืกื ื™ื“ืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:57
and we began a very extensive study
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืื“ ืžืขืžื™ืง
01:01
of the red planet.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื.
01:03
One of the key questions in all of science,
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ืื—ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืข,
01:07
"Is there life outside of Earth?"
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"ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?"
01:09
I believe that Mars is the most likely target
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:13
for life outside the Earth.
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:15
I'm going to show you in a few minutes
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช
01:17
some amazing measurements that suggest
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืจืื•ืช
01:19
there may be life on Mars.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
01:21
But let me start with a Viking photograph.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’.
01:25
This is a composite taken by Viking in 1976.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืข"ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ ื‘ 1976.
01:29
Viking was developed and managed at the
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ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืชื—ื” ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื” ืข"ื™
01:32
NASA Langley Research Center.
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ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื ืืกื ื‘ืœืื ื’ืœื™
01:34
We sent two orbiters and two landers in the summer of 1976.
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ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ 1976.
01:38
We had four spacecraft, two around Mars,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืœื™ ื—ืœืœ, ืฉื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืื“ื™ื,
01:42
two on the surface --
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
01:44
an amazing accomplishment.
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ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
01:46
This is the first photograph taken from
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ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื”
01:48
the surface of any planet.
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ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
01:50
This is a Viking Lander photograph
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืชืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’
01:52
of the surface of Mars.
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ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
01:54
And yes, the red planet is red.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ื.
01:57
Mars is half the size of the Earth,
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ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:00
but because two-thirds of the Earth is covered by water,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉ 2/3 ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื
02:03
the land area on Mars
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ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื
02:06
is comparable to the land area on Earth.
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื˜ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื”"ื
02:08
So, Mars is a pretty big place even though it's half the size.
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:13
We have obtained topographic measurements
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ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช
02:16
of the surface of Mars. We understand
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ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื•
02:18
the elevation differences.
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ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื.
02:20
We know a lot about Mars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
02:22
Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system,
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ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:26
Olympus Mons.
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ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ืžื•ื ืก
02:28
Mars has the Grand Canyon
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ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:30
of the solar system, Valles Marineris.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, "ืขืžืง ื”ืžืืจื™ื ืจ"
02:33
Very, very interesting planet.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
02:35
Mars has the largest
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ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื›ืชืฉ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”
02:38
impact crater in the solar system,
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ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:40
Hellas Basin.
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ืื’ืŸ ื”ืœืืก
02:42
This is 2,000 miles across.
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ื–ื” 2000 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”
02:44
If you happened to be on Mars
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ืื ื™ืฆื ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื
02:46
when this impactor hit,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืคื’ืข
02:48
it was a really bad day on Mars.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืจืข ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
02:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:52
This is Olympus Mons.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ืžื•ื ืก
02:54
This is bigger than the state of Arizona.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”.
02:57
Volcanoes are important, because volcanoes
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ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื
02:59
produce atmospheres and they produce oceans.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
03:02
We're looking at Valles Marineris,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ "ืขืžืง ื”ืžืืจื™ื ืจ"
03:05
the largest canyon in the solar system,
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ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
03:07
superimposed on a map of the United States,
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ืžื•ืœื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
03:10
3,000 miles across.
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3000 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”.
03:12
One of the most intriguing features about Mars,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืกืงืจื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
03:15
the National Academy of Science says
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ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืข ืื•ืžืจืช
03:17
one of the 10 major mysteries of the space age,
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ืื—ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืœ
03:20
is why certain areas of Mars
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ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื
03:23
are so highly magnetized.
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ืžืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง.
03:25
We call this crustal magnetism.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™.
03:27
There are regions on Mars, where, for some reason --
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ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
03:30
we don't understand why at this point --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”,
03:33
the surface is very, very highly magnetized.
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ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžืื“ ืžืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื.
03:36
Is there water on Mars?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื?
03:38
The answer is no, there is no liquid water
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื
03:41
on the surface of Mars today.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
03:43
But there is intriguing evidence
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžืกืงืจื ืช
03:45
that suggests that the early history of Mars
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ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื
03:48
there may have been rivers
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ื”ืจื•ืช
03:50
and fast flowing water.
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ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื”ืจ.
03:53
Today Mars is very very dry.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื™ื—
03:55
We believe there's some water in the polar caps,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื.
03:58
there are polar caps of North Pole and South Pole.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืคืช ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
04:01
Here are some recent images.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:03
This is from Spirit and Opportunity.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืกืคื™ืจื™ื˜ ื•ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ื ื™ื˜ื™
04:06
These images that show at one time,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื
04:08
there was very fast flowing water on the surface of Mars.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื ืฉื–ืจืžื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
04:12
Why is water important? Water is important
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ืœืžื” ืžื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื? ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
04:14
because if you want life you have to have water.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื.
04:18
Water is the key ingredient
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ืžื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืคืชื—
04:20
in the evolution, the origin of life on a planet.
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ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
04:24
Here is some picture of Antarctica
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื ื˜ืจื˜ื™ืงื”.
04:26
and a picture of Olympus Mons,
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ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ืžื•ื ืก,
04:29
very similar features, glaciers.
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ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื.
04:31
So, this is frozen water.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืžื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื.
04:33
This is ice water on Mars.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
04:36
This is my favorite picture. This was just taken a few weeks ago.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขืœื™. ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
04:39
It has not been seen publicly.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ืจืืชื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™.
04:41
This is European space agency
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ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช.
04:44
Mars Express, image of a crater on Mars
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ืชืฉ ืžืžืื“ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืข"ื™ ื”"ืžืจืก ืืงืกืคืจืก"
04:46
and in the middle of the crater
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ
04:48
we have liquid water, we have ice.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืงืจื—.
04:51
Very intriguing photograph.
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžืกืงืจื ืช.
04:53
We now believe that in the early history of Mars,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
04:57
which is 4.6 billion years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื”,
05:00
4.6 billion years ago, Mars was very Earth-like.
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ืœืคื ื™ 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื”, ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:04
Mars had rivers, Mars had lakes,
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ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืื’ืžื™ื,
05:07
but more important Mars had planetary-scale oceans.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:11
We believe that the oceans were in the northern hemisphere,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
05:15
and this area in blue,
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ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ
05:17
which shows a depression of about four miles,
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ืฉื ืคืจืก ืขืœ 4 ืžื™ื™ืœ,
05:20
was the ancient ocean area
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืขืชื™ืง
05:23
on the surface of Mars.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื.
05:25
Where did the ocean's worth of water on Mars go?
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ืœืืŸ ื ืขืœืžื• ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
05:28
Well, we have an idea.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
05:30
This is a measurement we obtained a few years ago
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ืืœื• ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื
05:33
from a Mars-orbiting satellite called Odyssey.
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ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”"
05:37
Sub-surface water on Mars,
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ืžื™ื ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
05:39
frozen in the form of ice.
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ืงืคื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื—.
05:42
And this shows the percent. If it's a blueish color,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ
05:45
it means 16 percent by weight.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ 16 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืงืœ.
05:48
Sixteen percent, by weight, of the interior
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16 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื
05:50
contains frozen water, or ice.
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื ืงื•ืคืื™ื ืื• ืงืจื—.
05:53
So, there is a lot of water below the surface.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
05:56
The most intriguing and puzzling measurement,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกืงืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช,
06:00
in my opinion, we've obtained of Mars,
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ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™, ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื
06:03
was released earlier this year
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื—ืจืจื ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”
06:06
in the magazine Science.
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ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "ืกื™ื™ื ืก"
06:09
And what we're looking at is the presence of the gas methane,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื– ืžืชืืŸ
06:13
CH4, in the atmosphere of Mars.
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CH4 ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
06:17
And you can see there are three distinct regions of methane.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืชืืŸ.
06:21
Why is methane important?
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ืœืžื” ืžืชืืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
06:23
Because on Earth, almost all --
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ,
06:25
99.9 percent -- of the methane
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99.9 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžืชืืŸ
06:28
is produced by living systems,
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ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืข"ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช,
06:31
not little green men, but microscopic life
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ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื
06:35
below the surface or at the surface.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
06:37
We now have evidence
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”
06:39
that methane is in the atmosphere of Mars,
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ืฉืžืชืืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
06:42
a gas that, on Earth,
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ื’ื– ืฉืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
06:44
is biogenic in origin,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ,
06:46
produced by living systems.
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ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืข"ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.
06:48
These are the three plumes: A, B1, B2.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื” A,B1,B2.
06:52
And this is the terrain it appears over,
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ื•ืืœื” ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื.
06:55
and we know from geological studies
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™
06:58
that these regions are the oldest regions on Mars.
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ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื.
07:02
In fact, the Earth and Mars
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืื“ื™ื
07:04
are both 4.6 billion years old.
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
07:08
The oldest rock on Earth is only 3.6 billion.
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ื”ืกืœืข ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 3.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”.
07:12
The reason there is a billion-year gap
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”
07:15
in our geological understanding
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:17
is because of plate tectonics,
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ื ื’ืจื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื–ื•ื–ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื,
07:19
The crust of the Earth has been recycled.
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ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชืžื—ื–ืจ.
07:22
We have no geological record prior
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ืชืขื•ื“ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืคื ื™
07:24
for the first billion years.
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
07:26
That record exists on Mars.
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ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื.
07:28
And this terrain that we're looking at
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ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
07:30
dates back to 4.6 billion years
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ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืœืคื ื™ 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
07:34
when Earth and Mars were formed.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•.
07:37
It was a Tuesday.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
07:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:41
This is a map that shows
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคื” ืฉืžืจืื”
07:43
where we've put our spacecraft on the surface of Mars.
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื.
07:47
Here is Viking I, Viking II.
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ื”ื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ 1 ื• 2.
07:50
This is Opportunity. This is Spirit.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ื ื™ื˜ื™. ื–ื” ื”ืกืคื™ืจื™ื˜
07:53
This is Mars Pathfinder. This is Phoenix,
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ื–ื” "ืžืจืก ืคื˜ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืจ". ื–ื” ืคื™ื ื™ืงืก,
07:55
we just put two years ago.
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ืฉืฉืžื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
07:57
Notice all of our rovers and all of our landers
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ื ื—ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:01
have gone to the northern hemisphere.
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ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
08:03
That's because the northern hemisphere
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
08:06
is the region of the ancient
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ื ืžืฆื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืง
08:08
ocean basin.
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ืื’ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก.
08:10
There aren't many craters.
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื.
08:12
And that's because the water protected the basin
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืŸ.
08:15
from being impacted by asteroids and meteorites.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
08:19
But look in the southern hemisphere.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
08:22
In the southern hemisphere there are impact craters,
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉื ื ืžื›ืชืฉื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื”.
08:24
there are volcanic craters.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ื.
08:26
Here's Hellas Basin,
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ื”ื ื” ืื’ืŸ ื”ืืœืก,
08:28
a very very different place, geologically.
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ืžืงื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
08:31
Look where the methane is, the methane is in a very
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ืชืจืื• ืื™ืคื” ื”ืžืชืืŸ ื ืžืฆื, ื”ืžืชืืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
08:34
rough terrain area.
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ื‘ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืžืื“ ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื.
08:38
What is the best way to unravel
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
08:40
the mysteries on Mars that exist?
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ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื?
08:43
We asked this question 10 years ago.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
08:47
We invited 10 of the top Mars scientists
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ื”ื–ืžื ื• 10 ืžื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:50
to the Langley Research Center for two days.
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ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ ืœื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
08:54
We addressed on the board
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ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—
08:56
the major questions that have not been answered.
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ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื• ืœื”ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:59
And we spent two days deciding
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ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
09:02
how to best answer this question.
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื”.
09:05
And the result of our meeting
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•
09:08
was a robotic rocket-powered airplane we call ARES.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ื•ืก ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ืขื” ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงืจืื ื• ืœื• ARES.
09:14
It's an Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Surveyor.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืงืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช
09:18
There's a model of ARES here.
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื” ARES ื ืžืฆื ืคื”.
09:20
This is a 20-percent scale model.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 20% ืžื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ
09:23
This airplane was designed at the Langley Research Center.
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ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืœืื ื’ืœื™
09:27
If any place in the world
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
09:29
can build an airplane to fly on Mars,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืก ืžืื“ื™ื
09:31
it's the Langley Research Center,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืœืื ื’ืœื™
09:33
for almost 100 years
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ื›ืžืขื˜ 100 ืฉื ื™ื,
09:35
a leading center of aeronautics in the world.
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ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื•ื™ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:38
We fly about a mile above the surface.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื™ื™ืœ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
09:41
We cover hundreds of miles,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืกื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื,
09:43
and we fly about 450 miles an hour.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ 450 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืฉืขื”.
09:46
We can do things that rovers can't do
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจื›ื‘ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ
09:49
and landers can't do:
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ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
09:51
We can fly above mountains, volcanoes, impact craters;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ืžืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ, ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื.
09:54
we fly over valleys;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ืžืขืœ ืขืžืงื™ื.
09:56
we can fly over surface magnetism,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ืžืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืžืžื•ื’ื ื˜
09:58
the polar caps, subsurface water;
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ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื.
10:01
and we can search for life on Mars.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
10:03
But, of equal importance,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื”,
10:05
as we fly through the atmosphere of Mars,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ื“ืจืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
10:08
we transmit that journey,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”
10:11
the first flight of an airplane outside of the Earth,
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ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
10:14
we transmit those images back to Earth.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:17
And our goal is to inspire the American public
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืชืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
10:21
who is paying for this mission through tax dollars.
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ืฉืžืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื
10:24
But more important we will
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื—ื ื•
10:27
inspire the next generation of scientists,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
10:30
technologists, engineers and mathematicians.
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ืื ืฉื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.
10:33
And that's a critical area of national security
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ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
10:37
and economic vitality, to make sure
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ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืœื•ื•ื“ื
10:41
we produce the next generation
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ
10:43
of scientists, engineers, mathematicians and technologists.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
10:46
This is what ARES looks like
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ื›ื›ื” ARES ื ืจืื”
10:49
as it flies over Mars.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืก ืžืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
10:51
We preprogram it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื™ื›ื ืชื ื• ืื•ืชื•
10:53
We will fly where the methane is.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžืชืืŸ.
10:55
We will have instruments aboard the plane
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก
10:58
that will sample, every three minutes, the atmosphere of Mars.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื’ื•ื, ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
11:01
We will look for methane
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื—ืคืฉ ืžืชืืŸ
11:03
as well as other gasses
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื“ื’ื•ื ื’ื–ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
11:05
produced by living systems.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.
11:07
We will pinpoint where these gases emanate from,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
11:11
because we can measure the gradient where it comes from,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ืจื“ื™ืื ื˜ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื.
11:14
and there, we can direct the next mission
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”
11:17
to land right in that area.
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ืœื ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
11:20
How do we transport an airplane to Mars?
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ืื™ืš ื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืœืžืื“ื™ื?
11:23
In two words, very carefully.
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ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
11:26
The problem is we don't fly it to Mars,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœืžืื“ื™ื,
11:30
we put it in a spacecraft
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœื™ืช
11:33
and we send it to Mars.
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ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืื“ื™ื.
11:35
The problem is the spacecraft's
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื
11:37
largest diameter is nine feet;
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ืฉื”ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื 3 ืžื˜ืจ.
11:41
ARES is 21-foot wingspan, 17 feet long.
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ARES ื”ื•ื 7 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืช ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจืš 6 ืžื˜ืจ ืื•ืจืš
11:46
How do we get it to Mars?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืœืžืื“ื™ื?
11:48
We fold it,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืงืคืœ ืื•ืชื•.
11:50
and we transport it in a spacecraft.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
11:53
And we have it in something called an aeroshell.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื "ืื™ืจื•ืฉืœ"
11:56
This is how we do it.
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ื›ื›ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
11:58
And we have a little video that describes the sequence.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš
12:02
Video: Seven, six. Green board. Five, four, three, two, one.
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ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื•: 5,4,3,2,1
12:07
Main engine start, and liftoff.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืช ืžื ื•ืข ืจืืฉื™. ื•ื”ืžืจืื”.
12:20
Joel Levine: This is a launch from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
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ื’ื•ื'ืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ: ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืจืื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ืœืœ "ืงื ื“ื™" ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
12:29
This is the spacecraft taking nine months
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ืœื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื•ืงื— 9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
12:31
to get to Mars.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืื“ื™ื.
12:33
It enters the atmosphere of Mars.
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ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืชื›ื ืก ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
12:36
A lot of heating,
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ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืจื‘.
12:41
frictional heating. It's going 18 thousand miles an hour.
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ื—ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื™ื›ื•ืš. ื–ื” ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ 29000 ืงืž"ืฉ.
12:43
A parachute opens up to slow it down.
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ืžืฆื ื— ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
12:47
The thermal tiles fall off.
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ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืชืจืžื™ ื ื•ืคืœ.
12:50
The airplane is exposed to the atmosphere for the first time.
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ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
12:53
It unfolds.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืคืชื—
12:56
The rocket engine begins.
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ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืจืงื˜ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
13:05
We believe that in a one-hour flight
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืขื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืกื”
13:08
we can rewrite the textbook on Mars
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื
13:11
by making high-resolution measurements of the atmosphere,
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ืข"ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
13:14
looking for gases of biogenic origin,
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ื ื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื’ื–ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
13:17
looking for gases of volcanic origin,
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ื ื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื’ื–ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™,
13:20
studying the surface, studying the magnetism
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ื ืœืžื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื ืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
13:23
on the surface, which we don't understand,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
13:25
as well as about a dozen other areas.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:28
Practice makes perfect.
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ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
13:30
How do we know we can do it?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
13:32
Because we have tested ARES model,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ARES,
13:36
several models in a half a dozen wind tunnels
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ื‘ื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื—
13:39
at the NASA Langley Research Center for eight years,
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ืืกื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื,
13:42
under Mars conditions.
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
13:44
And, of equal importance
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื”
13:46
is, we test ARES in the Earth's atmosphere,
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ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ARES ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
13:50
at 100,000 feet,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 30 ืง"ืž,
13:53
which is comparable to the density and pressure
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื•ืžื”
13:56
of the atmosphere on Mars where we'll fly.
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ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื˜ื•ืก.
13:59
Now, 100,000 feet, if you fly cross-country to Los Angeles,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ 30 ืง"ืž, ืื ืืชื ื˜ืกื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก
14:02
you fly 37,000 feet.
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ืืชื ื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 11 ืง"ืž.
14:04
We do our tests at 100,000 feet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ 30 ืง"ืž.
14:07
And I want to show you one of our tests.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
14:10
This is a half-scale model.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
14:12
This is a high-altitude helium balloon.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘.
14:14
This is over Tilamook, Oregon.
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ื–ื” ืžืขืœ ื˜ื™ืœืžื ืงื•, ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ.
14:17
We put the folded airplane on the balloon --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืžืงื•ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
14:21
it took about three hours to get up there --
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš 3 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืœื”.
14:23
and then we released it on command
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ื”
14:25
at 103,000 feet,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 31 ืง"ืž.
14:27
and we deploy the airplane and everything works perfectly.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
14:31
And we've done
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื•
14:33
high-altitude and low-altitude tests,
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ืš,
14:35
just to perfect this technique.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”.
14:40
We're ready to go.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฆืืช.
14:42
I have a scale model here.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืืŸ.
14:44
But we have a full-scale model
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืœื
14:46
in storage at the NASA Langley Research Center.
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ื‘ืžื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ืืกื.
14:49
We're ready to go. All we need is a check from NASA headquarters
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฆืืช. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืฆ'ืง ืžืžื ื”ืœืช ื ืืกื
14:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:55
to cover the costs.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช.
14:57
I'm prepared to donate my honorarium for today's talk
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
15:00
for this mission.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช.
15:02
There's actually no honorarium for anyone for this thing.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
15:06
This is the ARES team;
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ื–ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ARES.
15:08
we have about 150 scientists, engineers;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 150 ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
15:12
where we're working with Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื”ื ืขื” ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช
15:14
Goddard Space Flight Center,
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ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ืœืœ ื’ื•ื“ืืจื“,
15:16
Ames Research Center and half a dozen major universities
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ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืืžืก ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
15:19
and corporations in developing this.
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ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก.
15:21
It's a large effort. It's all at NASA Langley Research Center.
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ื–ื” ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ืืกื.
15:28
And let me conclude by saying
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ื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื
15:31
not too far from here,
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ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ืืŸ,
15:33
right down the road in Kittyhawk, North Carolina,
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ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืง ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื”,
15:36
a little more than 100 years ago
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ืœืคื ื™ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ืฉื ื”
15:38
history was made
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ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
15:40
when we had the first powered flight of an airplane on Earth.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ืฆืขื” ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ืžืžื•ื ืขืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
15:43
We are on the verge right now
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™
15:45
to make the first flight of an airplane
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ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก
15:48
outside the Earth's atmosphere.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
15:50
We are prepared to fly this on Mars,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื,
15:53
rewrite the textbook about Mars.
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ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
15:55
If you're interested in more information,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ
15:58
we have a website that describes this exciting
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืชืจ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช
16:01
and intriguing mission, and why we want to do it.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื•ื”ืžืกืงืจื ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื•ืชื”.
16:04
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
16:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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