Joel Levine: Why we need to go back to Mars

71,501 views ・ 2010-03-25

TED


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Prevoditelj: Suzana Baric Recezent: Ivona Papa
00:15
I want to talk about 4.6 billion years of history
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Želim govoriti o 4.6 milijardi godina povijesti
00:20
in 18 minutes.
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u 18 minuta.
00:22
That's 300 million years per minute.
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To je 300 milijuna godina po minuti.
00:25
Let's start with the first photograph NASA obtained
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Započnimo s prvom NASA-inom slikom
00:29
of planet Mars.
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planeta Marsa.
00:31
This is fly-by, Mariner IV.
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Ovo je Mariner IV, sonda koja je proletjela pokraj Marsa.
00:33
It was taken in 1965.
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Snimljena je 1965.
00:36
When this picture appeared,
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Kada se ova slika pojavila,
00:38
that well-known scientific journal,
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poznati znanstveni časopis,
00:41
The New York Times, wrote in its editorial,
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The New York Times, napisao je u svom uvodnom članku:
00:44
"Mars is uninteresting.
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"Mars nije zanimljiv.
00:46
It's a dead world. NASA should not spend
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To je mrtav svijet. NASA ne bi trebala više ulagati
00:49
any time or effort studying Mars anymore."
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ni vrijeme ni trud na proučavanje Marsa."
00:53
Fortunately, our leaders in Washington
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Na sreću, naši vođe iz Washingtona
00:55
at NASA headquarters knew better
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u NASA-inom sjedištu bili su mudriji
00:57
and we began a very extensive study
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i započeli smo veoma opsežno proučavanje
01:01
of the red planet.
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crvenog planeta,
01:03
One of the key questions in all of science,
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Jedno od ključnih pitanja u svim znanostima jest:
01:07
"Is there life outside of Earth?"
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"Ima li života izvan Zemlje?"
01:09
I believe that Mars is the most likely target
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Smatram da je Mars najpogodnije mjesto
01:13
for life outside the Earth.
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za život izvan Zemlje.
01:15
I'm going to show you in a few minutes
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Pokazat ću vam za nekoliko minuta
01:17
some amazing measurements that suggest
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neka čudesna mjerenja koja sugeriraju
01:19
there may be life on Mars.
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da bi moglo biti života na Marsu.
01:21
But let me start with a Viking photograph.
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Ali započet ću s Vikingovom fotografijom.
01:25
This is a composite taken by Viking in 1976.
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Ovo je slika koju je 1976. uslikao Viking.
01:29
Viking was developed and managed at the
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Viking su razvili i vodili u
01:32
NASA Langley Research Center.
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NASA-inom Langley istraživačkom centru.
01:34
We sent two orbiters and two landers in the summer of 1976.
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Poslali smo dva orbitera i dva landera u ljeto 1967.
01:38
We had four spacecraft, two around Mars,
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Imali smo četiri svemirske letjelice, dvije oko Marsa,
01:42
two on the surface --
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dvije na površini -
01:44
an amazing accomplishment.
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čudesno postignuće.
01:46
This is the first photograph taken from
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Ovo je prva fotografija snimljena s
01:48
the surface of any planet.
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površine bilo kojeg planeta.
01:50
This is a Viking Lander photograph
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Ovo je fotografija površine Marsa
01:52
of the surface of Mars.
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s landera Vikinga.
01:54
And yes, the red planet is red.
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I da, crveni planet je crven.
01:57
Mars is half the size of the Earth,
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Mars je upola manji od Zemlje,
02:00
but because two-thirds of the Earth is covered by water,
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ali kako su dvije trećine Zemlje prekrivene vodom,
02:03
the land area on Mars
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kopneno područje Marsa
02:06
is comparable to the land area on Earth.
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je usporedivo s kopnenim područjem na Zemlji.
02:08
So, Mars is a pretty big place even though it's half the size.
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Dakle, Mars je dosta veliko mjesto iako je upola manji.
02:13
We have obtained topographic measurements
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Dobili smo fotografska mjerenja
02:16
of the surface of Mars. We understand
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površine Marsa. Razumijemo
02:18
the elevation differences.
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razlike u visini.
02:20
We know a lot about Mars.
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Znamo mnogo o Marsu.
02:22
Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system,
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Mars ima najveći vukan u sunčevom sustavu,
02:26
Olympus Mons.
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Olympus Mons.
02:28
Mars has the Grand Canyon
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Mars ima Grand Canyon
02:30
of the solar system, Valles Marineris.
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sunčevog sustava, Valles Marineris.
02:33
Very, very interesting planet.
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Vrlo, vrlo zanimljiv planet.
02:35
Mars has the largest
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Mars ima najveći
02:38
impact crater in the solar system,
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udarni krater u sunčevom sustavu,
02:40
Hellas Basin.
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Hellas Planitia.
02:42
This is 2,000 miles across.
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Njegov promjer iznosi 3200 kilometara.
02:44
If you happened to be on Mars
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Da ste se našli na Marsu
02:46
when this impactor hit,
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kada se udarac dogodio,
02:48
it was a really bad day on Mars.
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to je bio zbilja loš dan na Marsu.
02:50
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:52
This is Olympus Mons.
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Ovo je Olympus Mons.
02:54
This is bigger than the state of Arizona.
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Veći je od države Arizone.
02:57
Volcanoes are important, because volcanoes
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Vulkani su važni, zato što vulkani
02:59
produce atmospheres and they produce oceans.
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stvaraju atmosfere i stvaraju oceane.
03:02
We're looking at Valles Marineris,
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Gledamo Valles Marineris,
03:05
the largest canyon in the solar system,
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najveći kanjon u sunčevom sustavu,
03:07
superimposed on a map of the United States,
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položen na kartu SAD-a,
03:10
3,000 miles across.
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koji je dug 5000 kilometara.
03:12
One of the most intriguing features about Mars,
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Jedna od najzanimljivijih karakteristika Marsa,
03:15
the National Academy of Science says
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prema Nacionalnoj Akademiji Znanosti,
03:17
one of the 10 major mysteries of the space age,
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jedan od 10 većih misterija starosti svemira,
03:20
is why certain areas of Mars
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jest pitanje zašto su određena područja Marsa
03:23
are so highly magnetized.
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tako jako magnetizirana.
03:25
We call this crustal magnetism.
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To zovemo magnetizmom kore.
03:27
There are regions on Mars, where, for some reason --
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Postoje područja na Marsu, gdje je, iz nekog razloga -
03:30
we don't understand why at this point --
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u ovom trenu ne razumijemo zašto -
03:33
the surface is very, very highly magnetized.
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površina jako, jako magnetizirana.
03:36
Is there water on Mars?
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Ima li vode na Marsu?
03:38
The answer is no, there is no liquid water
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Odgovor je ne, nema tekuće vode
03:41
on the surface of Mars today.
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na površini Marsa danas.
03:43
But there is intriguing evidence
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Ali postoje intrigantni dokazi
03:45
that suggests that the early history of Mars
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koji predlažu da su u ranoj povijesti Marsa
03:48
there may have been rivers
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možda postojale rijeke
03:50
and fast flowing water.
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i brze tekuće vode.
03:53
Today Mars is very very dry.
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Danas je Mars veoma, veoma suh.
03:55
We believe there's some water in the polar caps,
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Vjerujemo da ima vode u polarnim kapama,
03:58
there are polar caps of North Pole and South Pole.
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na Južnom i Sjevernom polu nalaze se polarne kape.
04:01
Here are some recent images.
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Evo nekih novijih slika.
04:03
This is from Spirit and Opportunity.
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Ovo su snimili Spirit i Opportunity.
04:06
These images that show at one time,
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Ove slike pokazuje da je nekada
04:08
there was very fast flowing water on the surface of Mars.
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bilo jako brze tekuće vode na površini Marsa.
04:12
Why is water important? Water is important
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Zašto je voda važna? Voda je važna
04:14
because if you want life you have to have water.
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zato što ako želite život, morate imati vodu.
04:18
Water is the key ingredient
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Voda je ključni sastojak
04:20
in the evolution, the origin of life on a planet.
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u evoluciji, porijeklo života na planetu.
04:24
Here is some picture of Antarctica
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Ovo je jedna slika Antartike
04:26
and a picture of Olympus Mons,
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i slika Olympus Monsa,
04:29
very similar features, glaciers.
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vrlo slične značajke, ledenjačke.
04:31
So, this is frozen water.
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Dakle, to je smrznuta voda.
04:33
This is ice water on Mars.
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To je ledena voda na Marsu.
04:36
This is my favorite picture. This was just taken a few weeks ago.
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Ovo je moja omiljena slika. Snimljena je prije tek nekoliko tjedana.
04:39
It has not been seen publicly.
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Nije prikazana javnosti.
04:41
This is European space agency
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Ovo je slika Mars Expressa Europske svjetske agencije
04:44
Mars Express, image of a crater on Mars
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koja prikazuje krater na Marsu,
04:46
and in the middle of the crater
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a usred kratera
04:48
we have liquid water, we have ice.
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imamo tekuću vodu, imamo led.
04:51
Very intriguing photograph.
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Vrlo zanimljiva fotografija.
04:53
We now believe that in the early history of Mars,
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Sada vjerujemo da je u svojoj ranoj povijesti,
04:57
which is 4.6 billion years ago,
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što je bilo prije 4.6 milijardi godina,
05:00
4.6 billion years ago, Mars was very Earth-like.
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prije 4.6 milijardi, Mars bio veoma nalik Zemlji.
05:04
Mars had rivers, Mars had lakes,
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Mars je imao rijeke, Mars je imao jezera,
05:07
but more important Mars had planetary-scale oceans.
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ali što je najvažnije, Mars je imao oceane po skoro cijeloj površini.
05:11
We believe that the oceans were in the northern hemisphere,
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Vjerujemo da su oceani bili u sjevernoj hemisferi,
05:15
and this area in blue,
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a ovo područje obojeno plavo
05:17
which shows a depression of about four miles,
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koje pokazuje uvalu od oko 6.5 kilometara
05:20
was the ancient ocean area
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bilo je prastaro oceansko područje
05:23
on the surface of Mars.
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na površini Marsa.
05:25
Where did the ocean's worth of water on Mars go?
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Gdje je oceanska količina vode nestala s Marsa?
05:28
Well, we have an idea.
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Pa, imamo ideju.
05:30
This is a measurement we obtained a few years ago
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Ovo je mjerenje koje smo dobili prije nekoliko godina
05:33
from a Mars-orbiting satellite called Odyssey.
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s Odysseya, satelita koji kruži oko Marsa.
05:37
Sub-surface water on Mars,
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Voda pod površinom Marsa,
05:39
frozen in the form of ice.
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smrznuta u led.
05:42
And this shows the percent. If it's a blueish color,
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A ovo pokazuje postotak. Ako je plavkaste boje,
05:45
it means 16 percent by weight.
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znači da je ima 16% masenog udjela.
05:48
Sixteen percent, by weight, of the interior
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16% masenog udjela unutrašnjosti
05:50
contains frozen water, or ice.
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sadržava smrznutu vodu, ili led.
05:53
So, there is a lot of water below the surface.
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Dakle, ima mnogo vode ispod površine.
05:56
The most intriguing and puzzling measurement,
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Mjerenje koje je najzanimljivije i koje najviše zbunjuje,
06:00
in my opinion, we've obtained of Mars,
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prema mom mišljenju, dobili smo s Marsa,
06:03
was released earlier this year
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a objavljeno je ranije ove godine
06:06
in the magazine Science.
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u časopisu Science.
06:09
And what we're looking at is the presence of the gas methane,
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Ono što gledamo jest prisutnost plina metana,
06:13
CH4, in the atmosphere of Mars.
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CH4, u Marsovoj atmosferi.
06:17
And you can see there are three distinct regions of methane.
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I možete vidjeti da postoje tri različita područja metana.
06:21
Why is methane important?
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Zašto je metan važan?
06:23
Because on Earth, almost all --
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Zato što na Zemlji, skoro sav -
06:25
99.9 percent -- of the methane
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99.9% - metan
06:28
is produced by living systems,
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proizvode živi sistemi,
06:31
not little green men, but microscopic life
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ne mali zeleni ljudi, već mikroskopska bića
06:35
below the surface or at the surface.
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ispod površine ili na njoj.
06:37
We now have evidence
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Sada imamo dokaze
06:39
that methane is in the atmosphere of Mars,
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da metana ima u Marsovoj atmosferi,
06:42
a gas that, on Earth,
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plina koji je na Zemlji
06:44
is biogenic in origin,
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biogenog porijekla,
06:46
produced by living systems.
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koji proizvode živi sistemi.
06:48
These are the three plumes: A, B1, B2.
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Ovo su tri oblaka dima: A, B1, B2.
06:52
And this is the terrain it appears over,
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A ovo je teren iznad kojeg se pojavljuju,
06:55
and we know from geological studies
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a iz geoloških istraživanja znamo
06:58
that these regions are the oldest regions on Mars.
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da su ova područja najstarija na Marsu.
07:02
In fact, the Earth and Mars
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Naime, Zemlja i Mars
07:04
are both 4.6 billion years old.
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su oboje stari 4.6 milijardi godina.
07:08
The oldest rock on Earth is only 3.6 billion.
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Najstariji kamen na Zemlji star je samo 3.6 milijardi.
07:12
The reason there is a billion-year gap
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Razlog tome što postoji milijardu godina razlike
07:15
in our geological understanding
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u našem geološkom poimanju
07:17
is because of plate tectonics,
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jest tektonika ploča,
07:19
The crust of the Earth has been recycled.
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Zemljina kora se reciklirala.
07:22
We have no geological record prior
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Nemamo geoloških podataka
07:24
for the first billion years.
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za prvih milijardu godina.
07:26
That record exists on Mars.
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Takvi podaci postoje na Marsu.
07:28
And this terrain that we're looking at
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A ovaj teren koji gledamo
07:30
dates back to 4.6 billion years
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datira 4.6 milijardi godina u prošlost
07:34
when Earth and Mars were formed.
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kada su se Zemlja i Mars formirali.
07:37
It was a Tuesday.
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Bilo je to jednog utorka.
07:39
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:41
This is a map that shows
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Ovo je karta koja pokazuje
07:43
where we've put our spacecraft on the surface of Mars.
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gdje smo smjestili svoju svemirsku letjelicu na površinu Marsa.
07:47
Here is Viking I, Viking II.
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Ovdje je Viking I, Viking II.
07:50
This is Opportunity. This is Spirit.
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Ovo je Opportunity. Ovo je Spirit.
07:53
This is Mars Pathfinder. This is Phoenix,
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Ovo je Mars Pathfinder. Ovo je Phoenix,
07:55
we just put two years ago.
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njega smo smjestili tek prije dvije godine.
07:57
Notice all of our rovers and all of our landers
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Primijetite da su svi naši roveri i svi landeri
08:01
have gone to the northern hemisphere.
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otišli u sjevernu hemisferu.
08:03
That's because the northern hemisphere
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To je zato što je sjeverna hemisfera
08:06
is the region of the ancient
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područje starog
08:08
ocean basin.
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oceanskog korita.
08:10
There aren't many craters.
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Nema mnogo kratera.
08:12
And that's because the water protected the basin
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A to je zato što je voda zaštitila korito
08:15
from being impacted by asteroids and meteorites.
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od udara asteroida i meteorita.
08:19
But look in the southern hemisphere.
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No pogledajte južnu hemisferu.
08:22
In the southern hemisphere there are impact craters,
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U južnoj hemisferi nalaze se udarni krateri,
08:24
there are volcanic craters.
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vulkanski krateri.
08:26
Here's Hellas Basin,
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Ovdje je Hellas Planitia,
08:28
a very very different place, geologically.
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jedno veoma drugačije mjesto, geološki gledano.
08:31
Look where the methane is, the methane is in a very
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Pogledajte gdje je metan, nalazi se u
08:34
rough terrain area.
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području vrlo neravnog terena.
08:38
What is the best way to unravel
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Koji je najbolji način za odgonetavanje
08:40
the mysteries on Mars that exist?
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misterija koji postoje na Marsu?
08:43
We asked this question 10 years ago.
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Postavili smo to pitanje prije 10 godina.
08:47
We invited 10 of the top Mars scientists
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Pozvali smo 10 vodećih znanstvenika koji proučavaju Mars
08:50
to the Langley Research Center for two days.
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u Langley istraživački centar na dva dana.
08:54
We addressed on the board
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Na komisiji smo raspravljali o
08:56
the major questions that have not been answered.
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najvećim pitanjima na koja nije bilo odgovora.
08:59
And we spent two days deciding
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I potrošili smo dva dana odlučujući
09:02
how to best answer this question.
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na koji način najbolje odgovoriti na to pitanje.
09:05
And the result of our meeting
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I rezultat našeg sastanka
09:08
was a robotic rocket-powered airplane we call ARES.
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bio je robotski raketni zrakoplov nazvan ARES.
09:14
It's an Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Surveyor.
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To je zračni regionalni promatrač okoliša.
09:18
There's a model of ARES here.
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Ovdje se nalazi model ARES-a.
09:20
This is a 20-percent scale model.
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To je model pet puta manji od originala.
09:23
This airplane was designed at the Langley Research Center.
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Zrakoplov je osmišljen u Langley istraživačkom centru.
09:27
If any place in the world
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Ako se negdje u svijetu
09:29
can build an airplane to fly on Mars,
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može napraviti zrakoplov za let na Mars,
09:31
it's the Langley Research Center,
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to se može u Langley istraživačkom centru
09:33
for almost 100 years
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koji je već skoro 100 godina
09:35
a leading center of aeronautics in the world.
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vodeći centar aeronautike u svijetu.
09:38
We fly about a mile above the surface.
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Letimo oko 1.6 km iznad površine.
09:41
We cover hundreds of miles,
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Pokrivamo stotine kilometara
09:43
and we fly about 450 miles an hour.
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i letimo oko 720 km na sat.
09:46
We can do things that rovers can't do
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Možemo raditi ono što niti roveri
09:49
and landers can't do:
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niti landeri ne mogu:
09:51
We can fly above mountains, volcanoes, impact craters;
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Možemo letjeti iznad planina, vulkana, udarnih kratera;
09:54
we fly over valleys;
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letimo iznad dolina;
09:56
we can fly over surface magnetism,
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možemo letjeti iznad površinskog magnetizma,
09:58
the polar caps, subsurface water;
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polarnih kapa, vode pod površinom;
10:01
and we can search for life on Mars.
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i možemo tražiti život na Marsu.
10:03
But, of equal importance,
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Ali, što je od jednake važnosti,
10:05
as we fly through the atmosphere of Mars,
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kako letimo kroz Marsovu atmosferu,
10:08
we transmit that journey,
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odašiljemo to putovanje,
10:11
the first flight of an airplane outside of the Earth,
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prvo putovanje zrakoplova izvan Zemlje,
10:14
we transmit those images back to Earth.
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odašiljemo te slike natrag na Zemlju.
10:17
And our goal is to inspire the American public
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I naš cilj je nadahnuti američku javnost
10:21
who is paying for this mission through tax dollars.
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koja plaća ovu misiju preko poreza.
10:24
But more important we will
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Ali važnije je što ćemo
10:27
inspire the next generation of scientists,
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nadahnuti sljedeću generaciju znanstvenika,
10:30
technologists, engineers and mathematicians.
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tehnologa, inženjera i matematičara.
10:33
And that's a critical area of national security
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A to je kritično područje državne sigurnosti
10:37
and economic vitality, to make sure
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i ekonomske vitalnosti, da bi se osiguralo
10:41
we produce the next generation
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stvaranje nove generacije
10:43
of scientists, engineers, mathematicians and technologists.
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znanstvenika, inženjera, matematičara i tehnologa.
10:46
This is what ARES looks like
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Ovako ARES izgleda
10:49
as it flies over Mars.
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dok leti nad Marsom.
10:51
We preprogram it.
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Prethodno ga programiramo.
10:53
We will fly where the methane is.
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Letjet ćemo tamo gdje je metan.
10:55
We will have instruments aboard the plane
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U zrakoplovu će biti instrumenti
10:58
that will sample, every three minutes, the atmosphere of Mars.
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koji će svake tri minute uzimati uzorak atmosfere Marsa.
11:01
We will look for methane
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Tražit ćemo metan,
11:03
as well as other gasses
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ali i druge plinove
11:05
produced by living systems.
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koje proizvode živi sistemi.
11:07
We will pinpoint where these gases emanate from,
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Odredit ćemo odakle ti plinovi dolaze,
11:11
because we can measure the gradient where it comes from,
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zato što možemo izmjeriti gradijent otkuda dolazi,
11:14
and there, we can direct the next mission
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i možemo usmjeriti sljedeću misiju
11:17
to land right in that area.
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da sleti upravo u to područje.
11:20
How do we transport an airplane to Mars?
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Kako prevesti zrakoplov na Mars?
11:23
In two words, very carefully.
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U dvije riječi, veoma oprezno.
11:26
The problem is we don't fly it to Mars,
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Problem je što ne leti sam do Marsa,
11:30
we put it in a spacecraft
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već ga stavimo u svemirsku letjelicu
11:33
and we send it to Mars.
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i pošaljemo na Mars.
11:35
The problem is the spacecraft's
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Problem je što je
11:37
largest diameter is nine feet;
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najveći promjer letjelice 2.7 metara;
11:41
ARES is 21-foot wingspan, 17 feet long.
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ARES-ova krila su duga 6.4 metara, a dug je 5.2 metara.
11:46
How do we get it to Mars?
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Kako ćemo ga dopremiti na Mars?
11:48
We fold it,
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Sklopimo ga
11:50
and we transport it in a spacecraft.
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i prenesemo u letjelici.
11:53
And we have it in something called an aeroshell.
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Imamo ga u nečemu što se zove aeroštit.
11:56
This is how we do it.
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Ovako ćemo to napraviti.
11:58
And we have a little video that describes the sequence.
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I imamo mali video koji opisuje slijed.
12:02
Video: Seven, six. Green board. Five, four, three, two, one.
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Video: sedam, šest. Zelena ploča. Pet, četiri, tri, dva, jedan.
12:07
Main engine start, and liftoff.
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Glavni motor se pali, i uzlijetanje.
12:20
Joel Levine: This is a launch from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
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Joel Levine: Ovo je lansiranje iz Svemirskog centra Kennedy u Floridi.
12:29
This is the spacecraft taking nine months
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Ovo je letjelica kojoj treba 9 mjeseci
12:31
to get to Mars.
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kako bi stigla na Mars.
12:33
It enters the atmosphere of Mars.
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Ulazi u atmosferu Marsa.
12:36
A lot of heating,
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Mnogo zagrijavanja,
12:41
frictional heating. It's going 18 thousand miles an hour.
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zagrijavanja trenjem. Kreće se 29 000 km na sat.
12:43
A parachute opens up to slow it down.
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Otvara se padobran da bi je usporio.
12:47
The thermal tiles fall off.
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Otpadaju termalni zaštitni dijelovi.
12:50
The airplane is exposed to the atmosphere for the first time.
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Zrakoplov je po prvi puta izložen atmosferi.
12:53
It unfolds.
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Rastvara se.
12:56
The rocket engine begins.
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Pokreće se motor rakete.
13:05
We believe that in a one-hour flight
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Vjerujemo da ćemo nakon sat vremena leta
13:08
we can rewrite the textbook on Mars
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moći prepraviti udžbenik o Marsu
13:11
by making high-resolution measurements of the atmosphere,
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radeći mjerenja atmosfere visoke rezolucije,
13:14
looking for gases of biogenic origin,
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tražeći plinove biogenog porijekla,
13:17
looking for gases of volcanic origin,
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tražeći plinove vulkanskog porijekla,
13:20
studying the surface, studying the magnetism
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proučavajući površinu, proučavajući magnetizam
13:23
on the surface, which we don't understand,
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na površini, koji ne razumijemo,
13:25
as well as about a dozen other areas.
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kao i desetke drugih područja.
13:28
Practice makes perfect.
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Vježbom do savršenstva.
13:30
How do we know we can do it?
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Kako znamo da mi to možemo?
13:32
Because we have tested ARES model,
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Zato što smo testirali ARES-ov model,
13:36
several models in a half a dozen wind tunnels
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nekoliko modela u 6 zračnih tunela
13:39
at the NASA Langley Research Center for eight years,
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u NASA-inom Langley istraživačkom centru zadnjih 8 godina
13:42
under Mars conditions.
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u uvjetima s Marsa.
13:44
And, of equal importance
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I, isto je tako važno
13:46
is, we test ARES in the Earth's atmosphere,
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da ispitujemo ARES u Zemljinoj atmosferi,
13:50
at 100,000 feet,
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na 30 000 metara,
13:53
which is comparable to the density and pressure
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što se može usporediti s gustoćom i tlakom
13:56
of the atmosphere on Mars where we'll fly.
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atmosfere na Marsu gdje ćemo njime letjeti.
13:59
Now, 100,000 feet, if you fly cross-country to Los Angeles,
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Sad, 30 000 metara, ako letite do Los Angelesa,
14:02
you fly 37,000 feet.
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letite na 11 000 metara.
14:04
We do our tests at 100,000 feet.
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Mi svoje testove izvodimo na 30 000 metara.
14:07
And I want to show you one of our tests.
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I želim vam pokazati jedan od naših testova.
14:10
This is a half-scale model.
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Ovo je model u omjeru 1:2.
14:12
This is a high-altitude helium balloon.
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Ovo je helijski balom za velike visine.
14:14
This is over Tilamook, Oregon.
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Ovo je iznad Tilamooka, u Oregonu.
14:17
We put the folded airplane on the balloon --
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Stavimo sklopljeni zrakoplov na balon -
14:21
it took about three hours to get up there --
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trebalo mu je oko tri sata da dođe dotle -
14:23
and then we released it on command
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i tada smo ga na zapovijed izbacili
14:25
at 103,000 feet,
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na 31 400 metara,
14:27
and we deploy the airplane and everything works perfectly.
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upravljamo zrakoplovom i sve savršeno radi.
14:31
And we've done
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I radili smo
14:33
high-altitude and low-altitude tests,
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testove na velikim i malim visinama,
14:35
just to perfect this technique.
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samo da bismo usavršili tu tehniku.
14:40
We're ready to go.
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Spremni smo za kretanje.
14:42
I have a scale model here.
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Ovdje imam mali model.
14:44
But we have a full-scale model
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Ali imamo model pune veličine
14:46
in storage at the NASA Langley Research Center.
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u skladištu NASA-inog Langley istraživačkog centra.
14:49
We're ready to go. All we need is a check from NASA headquarters
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Spremni smo za kretanje. Sve što trebamo je ček iz NASA-inih sjedišta
14:53
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:55
to cover the costs.
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koji bi pokrio troškove.
14:57
I'm prepared to donate my honorarium for today's talk
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Spreman sam donirati svoj honorar od današnjeg govora
15:00
for this mission.
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za ovu misiju.
15:02
There's actually no honorarium for anyone for this thing.
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Zapravo nitko ne dobiva honorar za ovo.
15:06
This is the ARES team;
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Ovo je ARES-ov tim;
15:08
we have about 150 scientists, engineers;
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imamo oko 150 znanstvenika, inženjera;
15:12
where we're working with Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
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ovdje radimo s laboratorijem Jet Propulsion,
15:14
Goddard Space Flight Center,
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Godard Centrom za svemirske letove,
15:16
Ames Research Center and half a dozen major universities
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Ames istraživačkim centrom i 6 važnih sveučilišta
15:19
and corporations in developing this.
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i korporacija koje rade na ovome.
15:21
It's a large effort. It's all at NASA Langley Research Center.
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Ulaže se mnogo napora. Sve je to u NASA-inom Langley istraživačkom centru.
15:28
And let me conclude by saying
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Dopustite mi da zaključim s ovim:
15:31
not too far from here,
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Ne tako daleko odavde,
15:33
right down the road in Kittyhawk, North Carolina,
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niz cestu u Kittyhawku, u Sjevernoj Karolini,
15:36
a little more than 100 years ago
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prije nešto više od 100 godina
15:38
history was made
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stvarala se povijest
15:40
when we had the first powered flight of an airplane on Earth.
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kada smo imali prvi let zrakoplova na motorni pogon na Zemlji.
15:43
We are on the verge right now
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Na korak smo do
15:45
to make the first flight of an airplane
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prvog leta zrakoplova
15:48
outside the Earth's atmosphere.
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izvan Zemljine atmosfere.
15:50
We are prepared to fly this on Mars,
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Spremni smo otpremiti ovo na Mars,
15:53
rewrite the textbook about Mars.
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ispraviti udžbenik o Marsu.
15:55
If you're interested in more information,
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Ako vas zanima još više,
15:58
we have a website that describes this exciting
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imamo web stranicu koja opisuje ovu uzbudljivu
16:01
and intriguing mission, and why we want to do it.
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i intrigantnu misiju i zašto je želimo ostvariti.
16:04
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
16:06
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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