Dimitar Sasselov: How we found hundreds of Earth-like planets

106,859 views ใƒป 2010-07-21

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Bob Samuel ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Faisal Jeber
00:15
Well, indeed, I'm very, very lucky.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุญุธูˆุธ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹ .
00:18
My talk essentially got written
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ุญุฏูŠุซูŠ ูƒูุชูุจ ุจุงู„ุฃุฎุต
00:20
by three historic events
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุญุฏุงุซ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ
00:22
that happened within days of each other
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุญุฏุซุช ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฃูŠุงู… ุจูŠู† ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง
00:24
in the last two months --
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ููŠ ุขุฎุฑ ุดู‡ุฑูŠู† --
00:27
seemingly unrelated, but as you will see,
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุจุฏูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ุฐูŠ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ูƒู…ุง ุณุชุฑูˆู†
00:29
actually all having to do with
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุณู†ูุนู„ู‡
00:31
the story I want to tell you today.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ุตู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… .
00:33
The first one was actually a funeral --
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ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุนู† ุฌู†ุงุฒุฉ ---
00:36
to be more precise, a reburial.
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ูˆุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฃุฏู‚ ุŒ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุฏูู†
00:38
On May 22nd, there was a hero's reburial
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ููŠ 22 ู…ุงูŠูˆ ุŒ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฏูู† ุจุทู„
00:41
in Frombork, Poland
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ููŠ ูุฑูˆู…ุจูˆุฑูƒ ุŒ ุจูˆู„ู†ุฏุง
00:43
of the 16th-century astronomer
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูู„ูƒูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุณุงุฏุณ ุนุดุฑ
00:46
who actually changed the world.
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ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุบูŠู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… .
00:48
He did that, literally,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ .
00:50
by replacing the Earth with the Sun
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ุจุงุณุชุจุฏุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุจุงู„ุดู…ุณ
00:53
in the center of the Solar System,
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ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ .
00:55
and then with this simple-looking act,
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ุซู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุท ุธุงู‡ุฑูŠุงู‹ -
00:58
he actually launched a scientific
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ุฃุทู„ู‚ ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ
01:00
and technological revolution,
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ูˆุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ
01:02
which many call the Copernican Revolution.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูŠุฉ .
01:05
Now that was,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ุŒ
01:07
ironically, and very befittingly,
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ุจุบุฑุงุจุฉ ูˆุจุฏู‚ุฉ ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุŒ
01:10
the way we found his grave.
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ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ููŠู‡ุง ู‚ุจุฑู‡ .
01:12
As it was the custom of the time,
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ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุดุงุฆุนุงู‹ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุŒ
01:14
Copernicus was actually
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ูุฅู† ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูˆุณ ูƒุงู† ุจุงู„ูุนู„
01:16
simply buried in an unmarked grave,
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ุฏููู† ููŠ ู‚ุจุฑ ุฏูˆู† ุดุงู‡ุฏ
01:19
together with 14 others
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ู…ุน 14 ุขุฎุฑูŠู†
01:21
in that cathedral.
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ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุถุฑูŠุญ ุงู„ูƒู†ุณู‰ .
01:24
DNA analysis,
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ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุŒ
01:26
one of the hallmarks
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ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุจุตู…ุงุช
01:28
of the scientific revolution
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ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ
01:30
of the last 400 years that he started,
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ู„ู„ู€ 400 ุนุงู… ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏุฃ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุŒ
01:33
was the way we found
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุจู‡ุง
01:35
which set of bones
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ุฃูŠุฉ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุธุงู…
01:37
actually belonged to the person
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ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุชุฎุต ุดุฎุตุงู‹
01:39
who read all those astronomical books
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฑุฃ ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ูู„ูƒูŠุฉ
01:42
which were filled with leftover hair
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู…ุชู„ุฆุฉ ุจุจู‚ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุดุนุฑ
01:44
that was Copernicus' hair --
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ูŠ ุดุนุฑุงุช ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูˆุณ --
01:46
obviously not many other people
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ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุขุฎุฑูˆู†
01:48
bothered to read these books later on.
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ุชุญู…ู„ูˆุง ุนู†ุงุก ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ .
01:50
That match was unambiguous.
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ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ .
01:52
The DNA matched,
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ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุชุทุงุจู‚ .
01:54
and we know that this was indeed
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู‡ูˆ
01:56
Nicolaus Copernicus.
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ู†ูŠูƒูˆู„ุงุณ ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูˆุณ .
01:58
Now, the connection between
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุท ุจูŠู†
02:00
biology and DNA
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ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ูˆุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
02:02
and life
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ูˆุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
02:04
is very tantalizing when you talk about Copernicus
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ู…ุญูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูˆุณ
02:06
because, even back then,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุŒ
02:08
his followers
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ุฃุชุจุงุนู‡
02:10
very quickly made the logical step
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ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠุฉ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ
02:12
to ask: if the Earth is just a planet,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชุณุงุคู„ : ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู‡ูŠ ูู‚ุท ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุŒ
02:15
then what about planets around other stars?
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ูู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŸ
02:18
What about the idea of the plurality of the worlds,
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ููƒุฑุฉ ุชุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู… ุŒ
02:20
about life on other planets?
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ุนู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŸ
02:22
In fact, I'm borrowing here from one of those
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุฃุณุชุนูŠุฑ ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ
02:24
very popular books of the time.
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ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ูˆุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช .
02:26
And at the time,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุŒ
02:28
people actually answered that question
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ูŠุฌูŠุจ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุณุงุคู„
02:30
positively: "Yes."
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ุจุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจ ุŒ " ู†ุนู… ".
02:32
But there was no evidence.
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฏู„ูŠู„ .
02:35
And here begins 400 years
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุชุจุฏุฃ 400 ุนุงู…
02:38
of frustration, of unfulfilled dreams --
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุญุจุงุท ูˆุงู„ุฃุญู„ุงู… ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุญู‚ู‚ุฉ --
02:41
the dreams of Galileo, Giordano Bruno,
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ุฃุญู„ุงู… ุฌุงู„ูŠู„ูŠูˆ ุŒ ุฌูŠูˆุฑุฏุงู†ูˆ ุจุฑูˆู†ูˆ ( ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูู„ูƒ ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠูˆู† )
02:44
many others --
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ูˆุขุฎุฑูˆู† ุŒ
02:46
which never led to the answer
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ุชู‚ูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ
02:48
of those very basic questions
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ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุณุงุคู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
02:50
which humanity has asked all the time.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุฃู„ุช ุนู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† .
02:52
"What is life? What is the origin of life?
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ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุŸ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃุตู„ ู…ู†ุดุฃ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุŸ
02:54
Are we alone?"
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ู‡ู„ ู†ุญู† ูˆุญูŠุฏูˆู† ุŸ
02:56
And that especially happened in the last 10 years,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ุฃุฎุต ุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุขุฎุฑ 10 ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุŒ
02:59
at the end of the 20th century,
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ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ู€ 20 ุŒ
03:01
when the beautiful developments
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ุงู…ุช ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ
03:03
due to molecular biology,
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ุจูุถู„ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ุŒ
03:05
understanding the code of life, DNA,
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ุจูู‡ู… ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุŒ
03:07
all of that seemed to actually
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ูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฏุง ูƒุฃู†ู‡
03:09
put us, not closer,
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ูŠุถุนู†ุง ุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ุŒ
03:11
but further apart from answering
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ุจู„ ุฃุจุนุฏ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู†
03:13
those basic questions.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุณุงุคู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
03:16
Now, the good news.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑ ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏ .
03:18
A lot has happened in the last few years,
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ุญุฏุซ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ .
03:20
and let's start with the planets.
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ูˆุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ .
03:22
Let's start with the old Copernican question:
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุชุณุงุคู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… :
03:25
Are there earths around other stars?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŸ
03:28
And as we already heard,
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุงุณุชู…ุนู†ุง ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹ ุŒ
03:30
there is a way in which
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ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง
03:32
we are trying, and now able,
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ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุขู† ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ
03:34
to answer that question.
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ุฃู† ู†ุฌูŠุจ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ .
03:36
It's a new telescope.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุชูŠู„ูŠุณูƒูˆุจ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ .
03:38
Our team, befittingly I think,
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ูุฑูŠู‚ู†ุง ุŒ ูˆูƒู…ุง ุฃุธู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ุŒ
03:40
named it after one of those dreamers
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ุณู…ุงู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ ุฃุญุฏ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุญุงู„ู…ูŠู†
03:42
of the Copernican time,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนุตุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูŠ ุŒ
03:44
Johannes Kepler,
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ุฌูˆู‡ุงู†ุฒ ูƒูŠุจู„ุฑ ( ุนุงู„ู… ูู„ูƒู‰ ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ู‰ ).
03:46
and that telescope's sole purpose
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ู„ู„ุชูŠู„ูŠุณูƒูˆุจ
03:48
is to go out,
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฎุงุฑุฌุงู‹
03:50
find the planets that orbit
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ูˆุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„
03:52
other stars in our galaxy,
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ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ู…ุฌุฑุชู†ุง ุŒ
03:54
and tell us how often do planets like our own Earth
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ูˆ ุฅุฎุจุงุฑู†ุง ูƒู… ูŠุชูƒุฑุฑ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุชุดุจู‡ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
03:57
happen to be out there.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ.
04:00
The telescope is actually
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุชูŠู„ูŠุณูƒูˆุจ
04:02
built similarly to
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ู…ุจู†ูŠ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุดุงุจู‡
04:04
the, well-known to you, Hubble Space Telescope,
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ู„ู„ุชูŠู„ูŠุณูƒูˆุจ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆู ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ุชูŠู„ูŠุณูƒูˆุจ ู‡ุงุจู„ ุงู„ูุถุงุฆูŠ ุŒ
04:06
except it does have an additional lens --
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ุบูŠุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุฏุณุงุช ุฅุถุงููŠุฉ
04:09
a wide-field lens,
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ุนุฏุณุงุช ูˆุงุณุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ุŒ
04:11
as you would call it as a photographer.
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ูƒู…ุง ูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุตูˆุฑูˆู† ุŒ
04:13
And if, in the next couple of months,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุŒ ู‚ู…ุชู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ
04:15
you walk out in the early evening
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ุจุงู„ุณูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„
04:17
and look straight up
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ูˆ ู†ุธุฑุชู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุณุชู‚ูŠู…
04:19
and place you palm like this,
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ูˆูˆุถุนุชู… ุฑุงุญุฉ ูŠุฏูƒู… ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุŒ
04:21
you will actually be looking at the field of the sky
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ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุณุชู†ู†ุธุฑูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก
04:24
where this telescope is searching for planets
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠุจุญุซ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูŠู„ูŠุณูƒูˆุจ ุนู† ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ
04:27
day and night, without any interruption,
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ู†ู‡ุงุฑุงู‹ ูˆู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุฏูˆู† ุงู†ู‚ุทุงุน ุŒ
04:29
for the next four years.
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุน ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ุŒ
04:32
The way we do that, actually,
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ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุง
04:34
is with a method, which we call the transit method.
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ู‡ู‰ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูˆุฑ .
04:37
It's actually mini-eclipses that occur
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ูƒุณูˆู ู…ุตุบุฑ ูŠุญุฏุซ
04:39
when a planet passes in front of its star.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠู…ุฑ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ู…ู† ุฃู…ุงู… ู†ุฌู…ู‡ .
04:41
Not all of the planets will be fortuitously oriented
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ู„ูŠุณ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ู…ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ุจุงู„ุตุฏูุฉ
04:44
for us to be able do that,
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ุชุฌุงู‡ู†ุง ู„ูƒูŠ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ
04:46
but if you have a million stars,
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู†ุฌู… ุŒ
04:49
you'll find enough planets.
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ุณุชุฌุฏูˆุง ุนุฏุฏุงู‹ ูƒุงููŠุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ .
04:51
And as you see on this animation,
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุฑุถ ุŒ
04:54
what Kepler is going to detect
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ู…ุง ุณูŠูƒุดูู‡ ูƒูŠุจู„ุฑ
04:56
is just the dimming of the light from the star.
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ู‡ูˆ ูู‚ุท ุชุนุชูŠู… ุงู„ุถูˆุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุฌู… .
04:59
We are not going to see the image of the star and the planet as this.
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ู„ู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู†ุฌู… ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ู‡ูƒุฐุง .
05:02
All the stars for Kepler are just points of light.
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ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุนู†ุฏ ูƒูŠุจู„ุฑ ู‡ูŠ ูู‚ุท ู†ู‚ุท ุถูˆุก .
05:05
But we learn a lot from that:
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ
05:07
not only that there is a planet there, but we also learn its size.
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู†ุนุฑู ุญุฌู…ู‡ .
05:10
How much of the light is being dimmed
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ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู… ุชุนุชูŠู…ู‡
05:12
depends on how big the planet is.
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ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ูƒุจุฑ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ .
05:15
We learn about its orbit,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุนุฑู ุนู† ู…ุฏุงุฑู‡ ุŒ
05:17
the period of its orbit and so on.
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ูˆุฏูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุฏุงุฑู‡ ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง.
05:19
So, what have we learned?
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู…ุงุฐุง ุชุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุŸ
05:22
Well, let me try to walk you through
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ู‰ ุขุฎุฐูƒู… ุฎู„ุงู„
05:25
what we actually see
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ู…ุง ู†ุฑุงู‡ ูุนู„ูŠุงู‹
05:27
and so you understand the news
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ุญุชู‰ ุชูู‡ู…ูˆุง ุงู„ุฎุจุฑ
05:29
that I'm here to tell you today.
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ุงู„ุดูŠุฆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ู„ูƒู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… .
05:31
What Kepler does
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ู…ุง ูุนู„ู‡ ูƒูŠุจู„ุฑ
05:33
is discover a lot of candidates,
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ู‡ูˆ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุดุญูŠู† ,
05:35
which we then follow up and find as planets,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ ุจู…ุชุงุจุนุชู‡ู… ูˆุฅูƒุชุดุงูู‡ู… ูƒูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุŒ
05:37
confirm as planets.
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ูˆุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ .
05:39
It basically tells us
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ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง
05:41
this is the distribution of planets in size.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ู„ู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุญุณุจ ุงู„ุญุฌู… .
05:44
There are small planets, there are bigger planets, there are big planets, okay.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุŒ ุญุณู†ุง.
05:47
So we count many, many such planets,
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ุฃุญุตูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุŒ
05:50
and they have different sizes.
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฃุญุฌุงู… ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ .
05:52
We do that in our solar system.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ู†ุธุงู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ .
05:54
In fact, even back during the ancients,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ ููŠ ุฒู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ุงุก
05:57
the Solar System in that sense
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ุฏ
05:59
would look on a diagram like this.
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ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ุดูƒู„ ูƒู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ .
06:01
There will be the smaller planets, and there will be the big planets,
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุตุบุฑ ุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุŒ
06:04
even back to the time of Epicurus
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ุญุชู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ ููŠ ุฒู…ู† ุฃุจูŠู‚ูˆุฑ ( ููŠู„ุณูˆู ุฑูˆู…ุงู†ู‰ ูุจู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ )
06:06
and then of course Copernicus
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ุซู… ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูˆุณ
06:08
and his followers.
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ูˆุฃุชุจุงุนู‡ .
06:10
Up until recently, that was the Solar System --
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ุญุชู‰ ู…ุคุฎุฑุงู‹ ุŒ ูƒุงู† ุฐุงูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ
06:12
four Earth-like planets with small radius,
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ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุดุจูŠู‡ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุฐุงุช ู‚ุทุฑ ุตุบูŠุฑ ุŒ
06:15
smaller than about two times the size of the Earth --
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ุฃุตุบุฑ ุจู…ุฑุชูŠู† ู…ู† ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ .
06:18
and that was of course Mercury,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุน ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุนุทุงุฑุฏ ุŒ
06:20
Venus, Mars,
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ุงู„ุฒู‡ุฑุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุŒ
06:22
and of course the Earth,
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ูˆุทุจุนุงู‹ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ .
06:24
and then the two big, giant planets.
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ุซู… ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจุงู† ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุงู† ูู‰ ุงู„ุญุฌู… .
06:26
Then the Copernican Revolution
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ุซู… ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูŠุฉ
06:28
brought in telescopes,
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ุฌู„ุจุช ุงู„ุชูŠู„ูŠุณูƒูˆุจุงุช .
06:30
and of course three more planets were discovered.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุชู… ุฅูƒุชุดุงู ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ .
06:32
Now the total planet number
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ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฅุฌู…ุงู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ
06:34
in our solar system was nine.
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ููŠ ู†ุธุงู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ ูƒุงู† ุชุณุนุฉ .
06:36
The small planets dominated,
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ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู‡ูŠู…ู†ุฉ ุŒ
06:38
and there was a certain harmony to that,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅู†ุณุฌุงู… ู…ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ
06:40
which actually Copernicus was very happy to note,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดูŠุฆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุนู„ ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูˆุณ ุณุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ู„ุฐููƒุฑู‡ ุŒ
06:43
and Kepler was one of the big proponents of.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูƒูŠุจู„ุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฃู†ุตุงุฑู‡
06:46
So now we have Pluto to join the numbers of small planets.
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ุงู„ุขู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุจู„ูˆุชูˆ ู„ู†ุถู…ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ .
06:49
But up until, literally, 15 years ago,
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ู„ูƒู† ุญุชู‰ ู‚ุจู„ 15 ุนุงู…ุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ุŒ
06:52
that was all we knew about planets.
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ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุนู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ .
06:54
And that's what the frustration was.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅุญุจุงุท
06:56
The Copernican dream was unfulfilled.
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ุงู„ุญู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูŠ ู„ู… ูŠุชุญู‚ู‚
06:59
Finally, 15 years ago,
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ุฃุฎูŠุฑุงู‹ ู…ู†ุฐ 15 ุณู†ุฉ ุŒ
07:01
the technology came to the point
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ูˆุตู„ุช ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
07:03
where we could discover a planet around another star,
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุฅูƒุชุดุงู ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุญูˆู„ ู†ุฌู… ุขุฎุฑ ุŒ
07:06
and we actually did pretty well.
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ูˆูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุนู…ู„ ุฌูŠุฏ .
07:09
In the next 15 years,
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ููŠ ุงู„ู€ 15 ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ
07:11
almost 500 planets
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ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 500 ูƒูˆูƒุจ
07:13
were discovered orbiting other stars, with different methods.
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ุชู… ุฅูƒุชุดุงูู‡ู… ุชุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู†ุฌูˆู… ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ ุจุฃุณุงู„ูŠุจ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ .
07:16
Unfortunately, as you can see,
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ู„ุณูˆุก ุงู„ุญุธ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ุŒ
07:19
there was a very different picture.
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ .
07:21
There was of course an explanation for it:
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุน ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชูุณูŠุฑ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ .
07:23
We only see the big planets,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูู‚ุท .
07:25
so that's why most of those planets
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุณุจุจ ุฃู† ู…ุนุธู… ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ
07:27
are really in the category of "like Jupiter."
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุดุจูŠู‡ุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ .
07:30
But you see, we haven't gone very far.
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ู… ู†ู†ุทู„ู‚ ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹.
07:33
We were still back where Copernicus was.
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ู†ุญู† ู…ุงุฒู„ู†ุง ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู† ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูˆุณ .
07:36
We didn't have any evidence
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃูŠ ุฏู„ูŠู„
07:38
whether planets like the Earth are out there.
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ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุดุจูŠู‡ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃุฑุถ .
07:40
And we do care about planets like the Earth
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู…ู‡ุชู…ูˆู† ุจุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุดุจูŠู‡ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
07:43
because by now we understood
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู† ุฃุฏุฑูƒู†ุง
07:45
that life as a chemical system
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ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ูƒู†ุธุงู… ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ
07:48
really needs a smaller planet
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ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุฃุตุบุฑ
07:50
with water and with rocks
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ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุงุก ูˆุตุฎูˆุฑ
07:52
and with a lot of complex chemistry
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ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ
07:54
to originate, to emerge, to survive.
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ู„ู„ุฅู†ุดุงุก ูˆุงู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุŒ ู„ู„ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ุŒ ู„ู„ุจู‚ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ .
07:57
And we didn't have the evidence for that.
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ .
08:00
So today, I'm here to actually give you a first glimpse
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ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ูƒูŠ ุฃุนุทูŠูƒู… ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃูˆู„ู‰
08:02
of what the new telescope, Kepler,
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ู„ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุชูŠู„ูŠุณูƒูˆุจ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ "ูƒูŠุจู„ุฑ"
08:05
has been able to tell us in the last few weeks,
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ุฃู† ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุจูŠุน ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ .
08:08
and, lo and behold,
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ูˆุงู„ุนุฌูŠุจ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุŒ
08:10
we are back to the harmony
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ู†ุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุณุฌุงู…
08:12
and to fulfilling the dreams of Copernicus.
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ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุฃุญู„ุงู… ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูˆุณ .
08:15
You can see here,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฑูˆุง ู‡ู†ุง
08:17
the small planets dominate the picture.
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ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุชู‡ูŠู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ .
08:19
The planets which are marked "like Earth,"
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ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจู€ " ุดุจูŠู‡ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃุฑุถ "
08:22
[are] definitely more than
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ู‡ู‰ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†
08:24
any other planets that we see.
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ุฃูŠ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง .
08:26
And now for the first time, we can say that.
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ู„ู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู†ู‡
08:28
There is a lot more work we need to do with this.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุฃู…ุงู…ู†ุง ู…ุงุฒุงู„ู†ุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนู…ู„ู‡ ู„ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ .
08:31
Most of these are candidates.
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ู…ุนุธู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ู…ุฑุดุญุฉ .
08:33
In the next few years we will confirm them.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ุณู†ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู… .
08:35
But the statistical result
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุงู„ุฅุญุตุงุฆูŠุฉ
08:37
is loud and clear.
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ู…ุถูŠุฆุฉ ูˆูˆุงุถุญุฉ .
08:39
And the statistical result is that
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุงู„ุฅุญุตุงุฆูŠุฉ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุฃู†
08:42
planets like our own Earth
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ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ู…ุดุงุจู‡ ู„ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
08:44
are out there.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูู‰ ุงู„ูุถุงุก .
08:46
Our own Milky Way Galaxy is rich in this kind of planets.
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ู…ุฌุฑุชู†ุง " ุฏุฑุจ ุงู„ู„ุจุงู†ุฉ " ู…ู„ูŠุฆุฉ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ .
08:49
So the question is: what do we do next?
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ : ู…ุงุฐุง ุณู†ูุนู„ ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ ุŸ
08:52
Well, first of all, we can study them
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุณู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฏุฑุงุณุชู‡ู…
08:54
now that we know where they are.
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ุจู…ุง ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุฃูŠู† ู‡ู… .
08:57
And we can find those that we would call habitable,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฌุฏ ุงู„ุตุงู„ุญ ู„ู„ุณูƒู† ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุŒ
09:00
meaning that they have similar conditions
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ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ุง ุญุงู„ู‡ ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ
09:02
to the conditions
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ู„ู„ุธุฑูˆู
09:04
that we experience here on Earth
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนูŠุดู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
09:07
and where a lot of complex chemistry can happen.
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ูˆุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุญุฏุซ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ .
09:10
So, we can even put a number
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ุญุชู‰ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ูˆุถุน ุฑู‚ู…
09:13
to how many of those planets
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ู„ู€ุนุฏุฏ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ
09:15
now do we expect our own
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ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ู„ ู†ุชูˆู‚ุน ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†
09:17
Milky Way Galaxy harbors.
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ู…ุฌุฑุชู†ุง ุฏุฑุจ ุงู„ู„ุจุงู†ุฉ ูƒู…ุฑูุฃ .
09:19
And the number, as you might expect,
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ูˆุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุชูˆู‚ุนูˆู† ุŒ
09:21
is pretty staggering.
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ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฐู‡ู„ .
09:23
It's about 100 million such planets.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 100 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ .
09:26
That's great news. Why?
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฎุจุฑ ุนุธูŠู… . ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุŸ
09:28
Because with our own little telescope,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุชูŠู„ูŠุณูƒูˆุจู†ุง ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ
09:30
just in the next two years,
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุณู†ุชูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุชูŠู† ูู‚ุท ุŒ
09:32
we'll be able to identify at least 60 of them.
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ูˆู…ุนุฑูุฉ 60 ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู… .
09:35
So that's great because then
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‡ุฐุง ุนุธูŠู… ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ
09:37
we can go and study them --
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ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ู†ุจุฏุฃ ูˆู†ุฏุฑุณู‡ู…
09:39
remotely, of course --
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ุนู† ุจุนุฏ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน -
09:41
with all the techniques that we already have
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ุจูƒู„ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง
09:43
tested in the past five years.
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ุฅุฎุชุจุฑู†ุงู‡ุง ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฎู…ุณ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ .
09:45
We can find what they're made of,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูƒุชุดู ู…ู† ุฃูŠุฉ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุชุชูƒูˆู† ุŒ
09:47
would their atmospheres have water, carbon dioxide, methane.
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ู‡ู„ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุทุจู‚ุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุงุก ุŒ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุŒ ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู† .
09:50
We know and expect that we'll see that.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ูˆ ู†ุชูˆู‚ุน ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ุณู†ุฑู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ .
09:54
That's great, but that is not the whole news.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุนุธูŠู… ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุณุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ูƒู„ู‡ุง .
09:57
That's not why I'm here.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู…ู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง .
10:00
Why I'm here is to tell you that the next step
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ุฃู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูƒู… ุฃู† ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ
10:03
is really the exciting part.
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ู‡ูŠ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู…ูุดูˆู‚ .
10:06
The one that this step
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ุงู„ุดูŠุฆ ุงู„ุฐู‰ ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ
10:08
is enabling us to do is coming next.
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ูˆูŠุชูŠุญ ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุง.
10:11
And here comes biology --
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก --
10:13
biology, with its basic question,
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ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุŒ ุจุชุณุงุคู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุŒ
10:16
which still stands unanswered,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุงูŠุฒุงู„ ุนุงู„ู‚ุงู‹ ุฏูˆู† ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุŒ
10:18
which is essentially:
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ :
10:20
"If there is life on other planets,
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" ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ
10:22
do we expect it to be like life on Earth?"
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ู‡ู„ ู†ุชูˆู‚ุน ุจุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉู‹ ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุŸ "
10:25
And let me immediately tell you here,
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ูˆุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉู‹ ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ
10:27
when I say life, I don't mean "dolce vita,"
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุŒ ูุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃู‚ุตุฏ " ุฏูˆู„ุชุดูŠ ููŠุชุง "
10:29
good life, human life.
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ุญูŠุงุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ุŒ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ .
10:31
I really mean life
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุญูŠุงุฉ
10:34
on Earth, past and present,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถู‰ ูˆุงู„ุญุงุถุฑ ุŒ
10:36
from microbes to us humans,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุช ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ
10:38
in its rich molecular diversity,
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ุจุชู†ูˆุน ุบู†ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠ
10:41
the way we now understand life on Earth
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ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ูู‡ู… ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ุขู†
10:44
as being a set of molecules and chemical reactions --
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ูƒู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ --
10:47
and we call that, collectively, biochemistry,
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ูˆ ู†ุญู† ู†ุณู…ูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ
10:50
life as a chemical process,
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ุจุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ
10:53
as a chemical phenomenon.
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ูƒุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ .
10:55
So the question is:
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ :
10:57
is that chemical phenomenon universal,
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ู‡ู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ
11:00
or is it something
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ุฃู… ู‡ูŠ ุดูŠุก
11:02
which depends on the planet?
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ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุŸ
11:04
Is it like gravity,
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ุŒ
11:06
which is the same everywhere in the universe,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุŒ
11:08
or there would be all kinds of different biochemistries
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ุฃู… ู‡ู„ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ
11:11
wherever we find them?
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ููŠ ุฃู‰ ู…ูƒุงู† ู†ุจุญุซ ููŠู‡ ุŸ
11:13
We need to know what we are looking for
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ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฃู† ู†ุนุฑู ุนู† ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุจุญุซ
11:16
when we try to do that.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ .
11:18
And that's a very basic question, which we don't know the answer to,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุณุคุงู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูˆู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุŒ
11:21
but which we can try --
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ --
11:23
and we are trying -- to answer in the lab.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ุฌูŠุจ ุนู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ .
11:25
We don't need to go to space
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ู„ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฃู† ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุถุงุก
11:27
to answer that question.
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ู„ู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ .
11:29
And so, that's what we are trying to do.
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ู‡ .
11:31
And that's what many people now are trying to do.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ุงู„ุขู† .
11:34
And a lot of the good news comes from that part of the bridge
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุฐุงูƒ ุงู„ุทุฑู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ
11:37
that we are trying to build as well.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ุจู†ูŠู‡ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ .
11:40
So this is one example
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซุงู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ
11:42
that I want to show you here.
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุฅูŠุงู‡ ู‡ู†ุง .
11:44
When we think of what is necessary
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ููƒุฑ ุจู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‡ู…
11:46
for the phenomenon that we call life,
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ู„ู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุญูŠุงุฉ ุŒ
11:49
we think of compartmentalization,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ููƒุฑ ุจุงู„ุชู‚ุณูŠู… ุŒ
11:52
keeping the molecules which are important for life
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ุฅุจู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
11:55
in a membrane,
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ููŠ ุบุดุงุก ุŒ
11:57
isolated from the rest of the environment,
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ู…ุนุฒูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุŒ
11:59
but yet, in an environment in which
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ููŠ ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุญูŠุซ
12:01
they actually could originate together.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠู†ุดุฃูˆุง ู…ุนุงู‹ .
12:04
And in one of our labs,
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ูˆููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุชู†ุง ุŒ
12:06
Jack Szostak's labs,
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ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุฌุงูƒ ุฒูˆุณุชุงูƒ ( ุนุงู„ู… ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒู‰ ) ุŒ
12:08
it was a series of experiments
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช
12:10
in the last four years
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ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุน ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ
12:12
that showed that the environments --
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุธู‡ุฑุช ุฃู† ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุฉ --
12:14
which are very common on planets,
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ุงู„ุดุงุฆุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุŒ
12:16
on certain types of planets like the Earth,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุŒ
12:19
where you have some liquid water and some clays --
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุงุก ุณุงุฆู„ ูˆุทูŠู† ุŒ
12:22
you actually end up with
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ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุณูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุน
12:25
naturally available molecules
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ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู…ุชุงุญุฉ
12:27
which spontaneously form bubbles.
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ุชุดูƒู„ ูู‚ุงุนุงุช ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนููˆูŠุฉ .
12:30
But those bubbles have membranes
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูู‚ุงุนุงุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ
12:33
very similar to the membrane of every cell
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ุดุจูŠู‡ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุจุฃุบุดูŠุฉ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฎู„ุงูŠุง
12:36
of every living thing on Earth looks like,
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ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญูŠุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
12:39
like this.
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ูƒู‡ุฐู‡ .
12:41
And they really help molecules,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุณุงุนุฏ ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุŒ
12:43
like nucleic acids, like RNA and DNA,
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุฉ ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู€ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุฑูŠุจู‰ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆู‰ RNA ูˆ ุงู„ู€ DNA
12:46
stay inside, develop,
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ุฃู† ุชุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ูˆุชุชุทูˆุฑ ุŒ
12:48
change, divide
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ูˆุชุชุบูŠุฑ ุŒ ูˆุชู†ู‚ุณู…
12:50
and do some of the processes that we call life.
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ูˆุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ .
12:53
Now this is just an example
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซุงู„ ูู‚ุท
12:55
to tell you the pathway
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ู„ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุจุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ
12:57
in which we are trying to answer
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ
12:59
that bigger question about the universality of the phenomenon.
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ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุนู† ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ .
13:03
And in a sense, you can think of that work
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ูˆูƒู…ุดู‡ุฏ ุŒ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชููƒุฑูˆุง ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„
13:06
that people are starting to do now around the world
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูŠุจุฏุฃูˆู† ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
13:08
as building a bridge,
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ูู‰ ุจู†ุงุก ุฌุณุฑ ุŒ
13:10
building a bridge from two sides of the river.
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ุจู†ุงุก ุฌุณุฑ ุจูŠู† ุถูุชูŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ .
13:13
On one hand, on the left bank of the river,
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ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุถูุฉ ุงู„ูŠุณุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ ุŒ
13:16
are the people like me who study those planets
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู…ุซู„ูŠ ูŠุฏุฑุณูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ
13:19
and try to define the environments.
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ูˆูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุงุช .
13:21
We don't want to go blind because there's too many possibilities,
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ู„ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ุนู…ูŠุงู†ุงู‹ ู„ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅุญุชู…ุงู„ุงุช ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ .
13:24
and there is not too much lab,
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู…ู„ู‰ ุŒ
13:27
and there is not enough human time
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ูˆู‚ุช ุจุดุฑูŠ ูƒุงููŠ
13:29
to actually to do all the experiments.
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ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจูƒู„ ุงู„ุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช .
13:31
So that's what we are building from the left side of the river.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุจู†ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ุฑ .
13:34
From the right bank of the river
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃูŠู…ู† ู„ู„ู†ู‡ุฑ
13:36
are the experiments in the lab that I just showed you,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชู… ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฑูŠุชูƒู… ุฅูŠุงู‡ุง ู„ู„ุชูˆ .
13:39
where we actually tried that, and it feeds back and forth,
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ุญูŠุซ ุญุงูˆู„ู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุŒ ูˆู†ุณุชู†ุชุฌ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุงู‹ ุŒ
13:42
and we hope to meet in the middle one day.
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ูˆู†ุฃู…ู„ ุฃู† ู†ู„ุชู‚ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตู ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ู…ุง .
13:45
So why should you care about that?
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชู‡ุชู…ูˆุง ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุŸ
13:48
Why am I trying to sell you
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุฃุจูŠุน ู„ูƒู…
13:50
a half-built bridge?
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ู†ุตู ุฌุณุฑ ู…ุจู†ูŠ ุŸ
13:52
Am I that charming?
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ู‡ู„ ุฃู†ุง ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุญุฑ ุŸ
13:55
Well, there are many reasons,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุŒ
13:57
and you heard some of them
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฅุณุชู…ุนุชู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง
13:59
in the short talk today.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุงู„ู‚ุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… .
14:01
This understanding of chemistry
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูู‡ู… ู„ู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก
14:03
actually can help us
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุณุงุนุฏู†ุง
14:05
with our daily lives.
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ูู‰ ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ .
14:07
But there is something more profound here,
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ
14:09
something deeper.
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ุดูŠุฆ ุฃุนู…ู‚ .
14:11
And that deeper, underlying point
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู…ู‚ ุŒ ูŠูุธู‡ุฑ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ
14:15
is that science
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ู‡ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…
14:17
is in the process of redefining life
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ูู‰ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ู„ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ุญูŠุงู‡
14:20
as we know it.
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ูƒู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ุง .
14:22
And that is going to change
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุณูŠุบูŠุฑ
14:24
our worldview in a profound way --
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ู†ุธุฑุชู†ุง ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู… ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ --
14:27
not in a dissimilar way
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ู„ูŠุณุช ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
14:29
as 400 years ago,
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ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู†ุฐ 400 ุนุงู… ู…ุถุช ุŒ
14:31
Copernicus' act did,
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ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูˆุณ ( ุนุงู„ู… ูู„ูƒู‰ ) ูุนู„ุช ุŒ
14:33
by changing the way
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ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ
14:35
we view space and time.
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ู†ุฑู‰ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูุถุงุก ูˆุงู„ูˆู‚ุช .
14:37
Now it's about something else,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุนู† ุดูŠุฆ ุขุฎุฑ
14:39
but it's equally profound.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ูู‰ ุงู„ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏ .
14:41
And half the time,
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ูˆูู‰ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุŒ
14:43
what's happened
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุญุฏุซ
14:45
is it's related this kind of
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ู‡ูˆ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู†
14:47
sense of insignificance
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ู…ู†ุทู„ู‚ ู‚ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ
14:49
to humankind,
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ู„ู„ุฌู†ุณ ุงู„ุจุดุฑู‰ ุŒ
14:51
to the Earth in a bigger space.
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ู„ู„ุฃุฑุถ ุŒ ูู‰ ูุถุงุก ุฃูƒุจุฑ .
14:53
And the more we learn,
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ูˆูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุŒ
14:56
the more that was reinforced.
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ุชุนุฒุฒุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ .
14:59
You've all learned that in school --
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ูƒู„ูƒู… ุชุนู„ู…ุชู… ูู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ --
15:01
how small the Earth is
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ูƒูŠู ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ
15:03
compared to the immense universe.
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ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„ .
15:05
And the bigger the telescope,
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ูˆูƒู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุชู„ูŠุณูƒูˆุจ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุŒ
15:07
the bigger that universe becomes.
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ูŠุตุจุญ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ .
15:09
And look at this image of the tiny, blue dot.
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ูˆุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุฒุฑู‚ุงุก .
15:12
This pixel is the Earth.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ุถูŠุฆุฉ ู‡ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ .
15:14
It is the Earth as we know it.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูƒู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ุง .
15:16
It is seen from, in this case,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑุฉ ุŒ ูู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ุŒ
15:18
from outside the orbit of Saturn.
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ู…ู† ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุฒุญู„ .
15:21
But it's really tiny.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุตุบูŠุฑ .
15:23
We know that.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ .
15:25
Let's think of life as that entire planet
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ููƒุฑ ูู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ู‰ ุจูƒุงู…ู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
15:27
because, in a sense, it is.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุŒ ูู‰ ู…ู†ุทู‚ ุŒ ู‡ู‰ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ .
15:29
The biosphere is the size of the Earth.
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ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุญูŠูˆู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ .
15:31
Life on Earth
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ุงู„ุญูŠุงู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
15:33
is the size of the Earth.
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ู‡ู‰ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ .
15:35
And let's compare it to the rest of the world
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ูˆุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู‚ุงุฑู†ู‡ุง ุจุจุงู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
15:38
in spatial terms.
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ูู‰ ุตูˆุฑ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ .
15:40
What if that
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ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ูˆ ุฃู†
15:42
Copernican insignificance
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ุฅุนุชู‚ุงุฏ ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒุงู†
15:45
was actually all wrong?
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ูƒุงู† ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูƒู„ู‡ ุฎุทุฃ ุŸ
15:47
Would that make us more responsible
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ู‡ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ูŠุฉ
15:49
for what is happening today?
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ุนู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุŸ
15:51
Let's actually try that.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุŸ
15:53
So in space, the Earth is very small.
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‰ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุŒ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ .
15:56
Can you imagine how small it is?
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ู‡ู„ ุชุชุฎูŠู„ูˆู† ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุตุบุฑู‡ุง ุŸ
15:58
Let me try it.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ู‰ ุฃุญุงูˆู„ .
16:00
Okay, let's say
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ุญุณู†ุง ุŒ ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„
16:02
this is the size
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ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฌู…
16:04
of the observable universe,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฐู‰ ู†ู„ุงุญุธู‡ ุŒ
16:06
with all the galaxies,
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ู…ุน ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑุงุช ุŒ
16:08
with all the stars,
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ู…ุน ูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุŒ
16:10
okay, from here to here.
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ุญุณู†ุง ุŒ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง .
16:12
Do you know what the size of life
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ู‡ู„ ุชุนุฑููˆู† ู…ุง ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุญูŠุงู‡
16:14
in this necktie will be?
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ูู‰ ุฑุจุทุฉ ุงู„ุนู†ู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุŸ
16:17
It will be the size
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ูู‰ ุญุฌู…
16:20
of a single, small atom.
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ุฐุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุŒ ุฐุฑุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ .
16:22
It is unimaginably small.
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุตูˆุฑ ุตุบุฑู‡ุง .
16:24
We can't imagine it.
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ู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ุง .
16:26
I mean look, you can see the necktie,
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ุฃุนู†ู‰ ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฑูˆุง ุฑุจุทุฉ ุงู„ุนู†ู‚ ุŒ
16:28
but you can't even imagine seeing
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุชุฎูŠู„ ุฑุคูŠุฉ
16:30
the size of a little, small atom.
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ุญุฌู… ุฐุฑุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ .
16:33
But that's not the whole story, you see.
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุณุช ู‡ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุŒ ุฃุชุฑูˆู† .
16:36
The universe and life
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ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุญูŠุงู‡
16:38
are both in space and time.
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ู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุฅุซู†ูŠู† ูู‰ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ูˆุงู„ูˆู‚ุช .
16:41
If that was
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ
16:44
the age of the universe,
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ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุŒ
16:46
then this is the age of life on Earth.
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ุฅุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุญูŠุงู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ .
16:50
Think about those oldest living things on Earth,
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ููƒุฑูˆุง ุจุฃู‚ุฏู… ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุญูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุŒ
16:53
but in a cosmic proportion.
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ู„ูƒู† ูู‰ ุชู†ุงุณุจ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ .
16:55
This is not insignificant.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุดูŠุฆ ุนุฏูŠู… ุงู„ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ .
16:58
This is very significant.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุดูŠุฆ ุฐูˆ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ .
17:00
So life might be insignificant in size,
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ูุงู„ุญูŠุงู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุชุงูู‡ู‡ ูู‰ ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง ุŒ
17:03
but it is not insignificant in time.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ุชุงูู‡ู‡ ูู‰ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช .
17:07
Life and the universe
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ุงู„ุญูŠุงู‡ ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆู†
17:09
compare to each other like a child and a parent,
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ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุทูู„ ูˆุงู„ุฃุจ ุŒ
17:12
parent and offspring.
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ุงู„ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฐุฑูŠุฉ .
17:14
So what does this tell us?
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุŸ
17:16
This tells us that
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ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุฃู†
17:18
that insignificance paradigm
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ
17:20
that we somehow got to learn
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ุงู„ุฐู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ู†ุงู‡
17:22
from the Copernican principle,
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ู…ู† ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒุงู† ุŒ
17:24
it's all wrong.
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ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฎุงุทุฆุฉ .
17:26
There is immense, powerful potential
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุŒ ู…ุญุชู…ู„ุฉ ุŒ ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ
17:29
in life in this universe --
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ูู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† --
17:31
especially now that we know
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ุจุงู„ุฅุฎุต ุงู„ุขู† ุจุฃู† ู†ุนุฑู
17:33
that places like the Earth are common.
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ุฃู† ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ ูู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงู‡ .
17:37
And that potential, that powerful potential,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ุงุช ุŒ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุŒ
17:40
is also our potential,
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ู‡ู‰ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุงุชู†ุง ุŒ
17:42
of you and me.
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ู„ูƒู… ูˆู„ูŠ .
17:44
And if we are to be stewards
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ูˆู„ูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฎุฏุงู…
17:46
of our planet Earth
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ู„ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
17:48
and its biosphere,
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ูˆุบู„ุงูู‡ ุงู„ุฌูˆู‰ ุŒ
17:50
we'd better understand
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ุณู†ูู‡ู… ุฃูุถู„
17:52
the cosmic significance
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ู…ุง ู‡ู‰ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงู‡ ูˆุฃู‡ู…ูŠุชู‡ุง
17:54
and do something about it.
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ูˆู†ูุนู„ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุชุฌุงู‡ู‡ุง .
17:56
And the good news is we can
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ู‡ู‰ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน
17:58
actually, indeed do it.
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ุจุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุคูƒุฏุฉ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ูุนู„ .
18:00
And let's do it.
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ูˆุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ูุนู„ .
18:02
Let's start this new revolution
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
18:04
at the tail end of the old one,
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ุจู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุนู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ุŒ
18:07
with synthetic biology being
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ู…ุน ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฅุตุทู†ุงุนู‰ ูƒูˆู†ู‡
18:09
the way to transform
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ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุชุญูˆูŠู„
18:11
both our environment
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ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุจูŠุฆุชู†ุง
18:13
and our future.
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ูˆู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ู†ุง .
18:15
And let's hope that we can build this bridge together
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ูˆู†ุฃู…ู„ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ู†ุจู†ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ู…ุนุงู‹
18:17
and meet in the middle.
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ูˆู†ุชู‚ุงุจู„ ูู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตู .
18:19
Thank you very much.
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ุฃุดูƒุฑูƒู… ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ .
18:21
(Applause)
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( ุชุตููŠู‚ )
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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