Dimitar Sasselov: How we found hundreds of Earth-like planets

106,799 views ใƒป 2010-07-21

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Won Il Jang ๊ฒ€ํ† : LUCY KIM
00:15
Well, indeed, I'm very, very lucky.
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์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์šด์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
My talk essentially got written
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์ œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•œ
00:20
by three historic events
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด
00:22
that happened within days of each other
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„œ๋กœ
00:24
in the last two months --
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์ˆ˜ ์ผ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
seemingly unrelated, but as you will see,
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์–ผํ•๋ณด๊ธฐ์—” ๋ณ„ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์–ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
00:29
actually all having to do with
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ์˜ค๋Š˜
00:31
the story I want to tell you today.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
The first one was actually a funeral --
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
to be more precise, a reburial.
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์ข€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์žฅ(ๆ”น่‘ฌ)์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:38
On May 22nd, there was a hero's reburial
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5์›” 22์ผ ํด๋ž€๋“œ ํ”„๋กฌ๋ณด๋ฅดํฌ์—์„ 
00:41
in Frombork, Poland
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์˜์›…์˜ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
of the 16th-century astronomer
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ
00:46
who actually changed the world.
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ํ•œ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
He did that, literally,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์ฃ .
00:50
by replacing the Earth with the Sun
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:53
in the center of the Solar System,
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ํƒœ์–‘์„ ๋†“์•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:55
and then with this simple-looking act,
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์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ
00:58
he actually launched a scientific
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:00
and technological revolution,
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์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค ํ˜๋ช…์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
01:02
which many call the Copernican Revolution.
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๊ณผํ•™์ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
Now that was,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
01:07
ironically, and very befittingly,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ๊ณจ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
01:10
the way we found his grave.
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์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
As it was the custom of the time,
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ด€์Šต๋Œ€๋กœ
01:14
Copernicus was actually
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์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค๋Š”
01:16
simply buried in an unmarked grave,
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14๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
01:19
together with 14 others
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๊ทธ ์„ฑ๋‹น์— ๋ฌปํ˜”๋Š”๋ฐ
01:21
in that cathedral.
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์–ด๋Š ๋ฌด๋ค์ธ์ง€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
DNA analysis,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ
01:26
one of the hallmarks
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์ง€๋‚œ 400์—ฌ๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ํ˜๋ช…์˜
01:28
of the scientific revolution
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๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ํ•™๋ฌธ์ธ DNA ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
01:30
of the last 400 years that he started,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์œ ๊ณจ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€
01:33
was the way we found
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž,
01:35
which set of bones
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์ฆ‰, ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ฑ… ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ผ์–ด์žˆ๋˜
01:37
actually belonged to the person
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€
01:39
who read all those astronomical books
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์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
which were filled with leftover hair
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์€
01:44
that was Copernicus' hair --
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์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:46
obviously not many other people
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
01:48
bothered to read these books later on.
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๋ณ„๋กœ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:50
That match was unambiguous.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
The DNA matched,
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DNA๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:54
and we know that this was indeed
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์œ ๊ณจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
01:56
Nicolaus Copernicus.
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๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์Šค ์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
Now, the connection between
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์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ
02:00
biology and DNA
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ DNA
02:02
and life
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์€
02:04
is very tantalizing when you talk about Copernicus
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ์งˆ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
because, even back then,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋„
02:08
his followers
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๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ๋ด‰์ž๋“ค์€
02:10
very quickly made the logical step
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๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์กŒ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:12
to ask: if the Earth is just a planet,
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"๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:15
then what about planets around other stars?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€?
02:18
What about the idea of the plurality of the worlds,
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๋‹ค์ค‘ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€?
02:20
about life on other planets?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€?"
02:22
In fact, I'm borrowing here from one of those
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ „ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋˜
02:24
very popular books of the time.
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์„œ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
And at the time,
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—
02:28
people actually answered that question
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ
02:30
positively: "Yes."
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"์˜ˆ์Šค"์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
But there was no evidence.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:35
And here begins 400 years
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ 400๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธ์›”์€
02:38
of frustration, of unfulfilled dreams --
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์ขŒ์ ˆ, ์‹ค๋ง, ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฟˆ๋“ค,
02:41
the dreams of Galileo, Giordano Bruno,
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค, ์ง€์˜ค๋‹ค๋…ธ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์†Œ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:44
many others --
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์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฟˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ฒ ๋˜์–ด
02:46
which never led to the answer
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ–ˆ๋˜
02:48
of those very basic questions
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„
02:50
which humanity has asked all the time.
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์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
"What is life? What is the origin of life?
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?
02:54
Are we alone?"
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฟ์ธ๊ฐ€?
02:56
And that especially happened in the last 10 years,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต
02:59
at the end of the 20th century,
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์ง€๋‚œ 10์—ฌ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
when the beautiful developments
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์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์•”ํ˜ธ์ธ DNA๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ
03:03
due to molecular biology,
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๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹  ๋ฐœ์ „์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
03:05
understanding the code of life, DNA,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
03:07
all of that seemed to actually
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์Œ์—
03:09
put us, not closer,
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์„œ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
03:11
but further apart from answering
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:13
those basic questions.
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๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
Now, the good news.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
A lot has happened in the last few years,
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
and let's start with the planets.
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์šฐ์„  ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ .
03:22
Let's start with the old Copernican question:
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:25
Are there earths around other stars?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:28
And as we already heard,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
03:30
there is a way in which
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด๋ฉด์„œ
03:32
we are trying, and now able,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:34
to answer that question.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
It's a new telescope.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Our team, befittingly I think,
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์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์€ ์ด ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„,
03:40
named it after one of those dreamers
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:42
of the Copernican time,
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์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ
03:44
Johannes Kepler,
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์š”ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค ์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
and that telescope's sole purpose
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์€
03:48
is to go out,
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์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€
03:50
find the planets that orbit
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜ ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
03:52
other stars in our galaxy,
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๋ณ„๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ ํšŒํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ 
03:54
and tell us how often do planets like our own Earth
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด
03:57
happen to be out there.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
The telescope is actually
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์ด ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์•„์‹œ๋Š”
04:02
built similarly to
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ํ—ˆ๋ธ”์šฐ์ฃผ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ๊ณผ
04:04
the, well-known to you, Hubble Space Telescope,
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์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
except it does have an additional lens --
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ด ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ
04:09
a wide-field lens,
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์‚ฌ์ง„๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ด‘๊ฐ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
04:11
as you would call it as a photographer.
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๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
And if, in the next couple of months,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์›” ๋‚ด์—
04:15
you walk out in the early evening
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ดˆ์ €๋…์— ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€
04:17
and look straight up
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด
04:19
and place you palm like this,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์†์„ ๋‚ด๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:21
you will actually be looking at the field of the sky
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ 4๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
04:24
where this telescope is searching for planets
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๋ฐค๋‚ฎ์—†์ด, ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:27
day and night, without any interruption,
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์˜
04:29
for the next four years.
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ํƒ์ƒ‰๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
The way we do that, actually,
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์ด ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
04:34
is with a method, which we call the transit method.
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ํ–‰์„ฑํšก๋‹จ ๊ด€์ธก๋ฒ•(Transit Method)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
It's actually mini-eclipses that occur
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋ณ„์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์„ ์ง€๋‚  ๋•Œ
04:39
when a planet passes in front of its star.
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์ž‘์€ ์ผ์‹ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
Not all of the planets will be fortuitously oriented
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ
04:44
for us to be able do that,
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ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
04:46
but if you have a million stars,
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๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:49
you'll find enough planets.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
And as you see on this animation,
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
04:54
what Kepler is going to detect
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์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:56
is just the dimming of the light from the star.
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๋ณ„์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๋น›์ด ํฌ๋ฏธํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
We are not going to see the image of the star and the planet as this.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ณ„๊ณผ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
All the stars for Kepler are just points of light.
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์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ณ„๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž‘์€ ๋น›์˜ ์ ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:05
But we learn a lot from that:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—
05:07
not only that there is a planet there, but we also learn its size.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
How much of the light is being dimmed
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์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์–‘์€
05:12
depends on how big the planet is.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
We learn about its orbit,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถค๋„, ๊ณต์ „ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ
05:17
the period of its orbit and so on.
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๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
So, what have we learned?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:22
Well, let me try to walk you through
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์šฐ์„  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
05:25
what we actually see
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์„ค๋ช… ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด
05:27
and so you understand the news
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์„
05:29
that I'm here to tell you today.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
What Kepler does
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์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด
05:33
is discover a lot of candidates,
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด
05:35
which we then follow up and find as planets,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„
05:37
confirm as planets.
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์ฐพ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
It basically tells us
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š”
05:41
this is the distribution of planets in size.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
There are small planets, there are bigger planets, there are big planets, okay.
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์ž‘์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ, ํฐ ํ–‰์„ฑ, ๋” ํฐ ํ–‰์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:47
So we count many, many such planets,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์˜
05:50
and they have different sizes.
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์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์…‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
We do that in our solar system.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์— ์ ์šฉ์‹œ์ผœ๋ณด์ฃ .
05:54
In fact, even back during the ancients,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋ฅผ
05:57
the Solar System in that sense
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ํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
would look on a diagram like this.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋จผ ์˜›๋‚ ์—๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:01
There will be the smaller planets, and there will be the big planets,
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์ž‘์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
06:04
even back to the time of Epicurus
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ํฐ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
and then of course Copernicus
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์—ํ”ผ์ฟ ๋กœ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋„,
06:08
and his followers.
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์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์™€ ์‹ ๋ด‰์ž ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
Up until recently, that was the Solar System --
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์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
four Earth-like planets with small radius,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ,
06:15
smaller than about two times the size of the Earth --
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์ฆ‰ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์•ฝ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
06:18
and that was of course Mercury,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ˆ˜์„ฑ
06:20
Venus, Mars,
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๊ธˆ์„ฑ, ํ™”์„ฑ,
06:22
and of course the Earth,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
and then the two big, giant planets.
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๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:26
Then the Copernican Revolution
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:28
brought in telescopes,
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๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
and of course three more planets were discovered.
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์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:32
Now the total planet number
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์ด๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
06:34
in our solar system was nine.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ์•„ํ™‰๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
The small planets dominated,
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์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ 
06:38
and there was a certain harmony to that,
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์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
which actually Copernicus was very happy to note,
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์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์™€ ์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋Š”
06:43
and Kepler was one of the big proponents of.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:46
So now we have Pluto to join the numbers of small planets.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช…์™•์„ฑ์ด ์ด ์ž‘์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
But up until, literally, 15 years ago,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 15๋…„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„
06:52
that was all we knew about planets.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ถ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
And that's what the frustration was.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ ˆ๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
The Copernican dream was unfulfilled.
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์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์  ์ด์ƒ์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
Finally, 15 years ago,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 15๋…„ ์ „,
07:01
the technology came to the point
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ
07:03
where we could discover a planet around another star,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
07:06
and we actually did pretty well.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฝค ์ž˜ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
In the next 15 years,
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์ดํ›„ 15๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
07:11
almost 500 planets
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ„๋“ค์„ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด
07:13
were discovered orbiting other stars, with different methods.
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500๊ฐœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
Unfortunately, as you can see,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„
07:19
there was a very different picture.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
There was of course an explanation for it:
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
We only see the big planets,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฐ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค๋ฐ–์— ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
so that's why most of those planets
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด
07:27
are really in the category of "like Jupiter."
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"๋ชฉ์„ฑํ˜•"์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:30
But you see, we haven't gone very far.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์•„์ง ๊ฐˆ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฉ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
We were still back where Copernicus was.
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์•„์ง๋„ ์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ณ„๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ๊ฒŒ ์—†๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:36
We didn't have any evidence
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์— ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
07:38
whether planets like the Earth are out there.
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
And we do care about planets like the Earth
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์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
because by now we understood
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
07:45
that life as a chemical system
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€
07:48
really needs a smaller planet
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š”
07:50
with water and with rocks
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๋ฌผ, ๋ฐ”์œ„,
07:52
and with a lot of complex chemistry
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์ž‘์šฉ์ด
07:54
to originate, to emerge, to survive.
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ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
And we didn't have the evidence for that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:00
So today, I'm here to actually give you a first glimpse
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด
08:02
of what the new telescope, Kepler,
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋Š”์ง€
08:05
has been able to tell us in the last few weeks,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์ง ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
and, lo and behold,
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์ž ๋ณด์‹œ๋ผ!
08:10
we are back to the harmony
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐพ์•˜๊ณ 
08:12
and to fulfilling the dreams of Copernicus.
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์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์˜ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
You can see here,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
08:17
the small planets dominate the picture.
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๋„ํ‘œ์— ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
The planets which are marked "like Earth,"
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"์ง€๊ตฌํ˜•"์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด
08:22
[are] definitely more than
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
08:24
any other planets that we see.
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๋งŽ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€์š”.
08:26
And now for the first time, we can say that.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
There is a lot more work we need to do with this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ์•„์ง ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
Most of these are candidates.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์•„์ง ์ง€๊ตฌํ˜• ํ–‰์„ฑ ํ›„๋ณด์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
In the next few years we will confirm them.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ์ •๋ง ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
But the statistical result
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
08:37
is loud and clear.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฝค ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
And the statistical result is that
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:42
planets like our own Earth
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์€
08:44
are out there.
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์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Our own Milky Way Galaxy is rich in this kind of planets.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐจ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
So the question is: what do we do next?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ "์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
Well, first of all, we can study them
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์šฐ์„  ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋”” ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
08:54
now that we know where they are.
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
And we can find those that we would call habitable,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ "๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”,
09:00
meaning that they have similar conditions
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์ฆ‰ ์ด๊ณณ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€
09:02
to the conditions
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์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ 
09:04
that we experience here on Earth
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๋งŒํ•œ
09:07
and where a lot of complex chemistry can happen.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
So, we can even put a number
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„์—
09:13
to how many of those planets
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด
09:15
now do we expect our own
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
09:17
Milky Way Galaxy harbors.
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์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
And the number, as you might expect,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š”, ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:21
is pretty staggering.
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๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
It's about 100 million such planets.
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์•ฝ 1์–ต ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
That's great news. Why?
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์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋‚˜๊ณ ์š”?
09:28
Because with our own little telescope,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
09:30
just in the next two years,
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๋‹จ 2๋…„ ํ›„๋ฉด
09:32
we'll be able to identify at least 60 of them.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ ์–ด๋„ 60๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
So that's great because then
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด,
09:37
we can go and study them --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์„
09:39
remotely, of course --
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(์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ)
09:41
with all the techniques that we already have
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์ง€๋‚œ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์˜จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
09:43
tested in the past five years.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
We can find what they're made of,
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๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜
09:47
would their atmospheres have water, carbon dioxide, methane.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„, ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ํ•จ์œ  ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
We know and expect that we'll see that.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
That's great, but that is not the whole news.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์˜ ์ „๋ถ€๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
That's not why I'm here.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜จ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
Why I'm here is to tell you that the next step
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์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:03
is really the exciting part.
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์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
The one that this step
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์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€
10:08
is enabling us to do is coming next.
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์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
And here comes biology --
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
10:13
biology, with its basic question,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉด์„œ
10:16
which still stands unanswered,
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์•„์ง๋„ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
10:18
which is essentially:
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
10:20
"If there is life on other planets,
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"๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:22
do we expect it to be like life on Earth?"
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?"
10:25
And let me immediately tell you here,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…(life)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:27
when I say life, I don't mean "dolce vita,"
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"dolce vita(๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ)"๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
10:29
good life, human life.
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์ข‹์€ ์ธ์ƒ(good life)๋„, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ถ(human life)๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
I really mean life
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:34
on Earth, past and present,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ 
10:36
from microbes to us humans,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€
10:38
in its rich molecular diversity,
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๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด
10:41
the way we now understand life on Earth
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๋ถ„์ž์™€ ํ™”ํ•™์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ
10:44
as being a set of molecules and chemical reactions --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…,
10:47
and we call that, collectively, biochemistry,
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์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ,
10:50
life as a chemical process,
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ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…,
10:53
as a chemical phenomenon.
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ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
So the question is:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
10:57
is that chemical phenomenon universal,
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"๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€,
11:00
or is it something
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
11:02
which depends on the planet?
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?"
11:04
Is it like gravity,
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"๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
11:06
which is the same everywhere in the universe,
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์šฐ์ฃผ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€,
11:08
or there would be all kinds of different biochemistries
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ๋งˆ๋‹ค
11:11
wherever we find them?
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?"
11:13
We need to know what we are looking for
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
11:16
when we try to do that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
And that's a very basic question, which we don't know the answer to,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์›์ดˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
11:21
but which we can try --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ์ง„ ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
and we are trying -- to answer in the lab.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
We don't need to go to space
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
11:27
to answer that question.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
And so, that's what we are trying to do.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๊ณ ,
11:31
And that's what many people now are trying to do.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
And a lot of the good news comes from that part of the bridge
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
11:37
that we are trying to build as well.
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๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ธ ์†Œ์‹๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๋ ค์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
So this is one example
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:42
that I want to show you here.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
When we think of what is necessary
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์—
11:46
for the phenomenon that we call life,
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ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
11:49
we think of compartmentalization,
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๊ตฌํš/๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ™”(compartmentalization)์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
keeping the molecules which are important for life
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์ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ
11:55
in a membrane,
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์„ธํฌ๋ง‰ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ€๋‘์–ด
11:57
isolated from the rest of the environment,
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๋ฐ”๊นฅ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—,
11:59
but yet, in an environment in which
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์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
12:01
they actually could originate together.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
And in one of our labs,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ
12:06
Jack Szostak's labs,
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์žญ ์‡ผ์Šคํƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ
12:08
it was a series of experiments
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์ง€๋‚œ 4๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
12:10
in the last four years
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
that showed that the environments --
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์ง€๊ตฌํ˜• ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜
12:14
which are very common on planets,
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๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ
12:16
on certain types of planets like the Earth,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๊ณผ
12:19
where you have some liquid water and some clays --
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์ ํ† ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
12:22
you actually end up with
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์‹ค์ œ ์ž์—ฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
12:25
naturally available molecules
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์ž์—ฐ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ
12:27
which spontaneously form bubbles.
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๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
12:30
But those bubbles have membranes
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์ด ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€
12:33
very similar to the membrane of every cell
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์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ
12:36
of every living thing on Earth looks like,
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๋ง‰์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
like this.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:41
And they really help molecules,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ง‰์€
12:43
like nucleic acids, like RNA and DNA,
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RNA๋‚˜ DNA์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ต์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€
12:46
stay inside, develop,
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๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
12:48
change, divide
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๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‹์˜
12:50
and do some of the processes that we call life.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
Now this is just an example
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜
12:55
to tell you the pathway
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
12:57
in which we are trying to answer
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๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฑท๋Š” ์—ฌ์ •์„
12:59
that bigger question about the universality of the phenomenon.
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์˜ˆ์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
And in a sense, you can think of that work
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ด ์ž‘์—…์„
13:06
that people are starting to do now around the world
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
13:08
as building a bridge,
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๊ฐ•์˜ ์–‘ ๋์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ
13:10
building a bridge from two sides of the river.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
On one hand, on the left bank of the river,
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๊ฐ•์˜ ํ•œ์ชฝํŽธ์—๋Š”
13:16
are the people like me who study those planets
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์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด
13:19
and try to define the environments.
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๊ทธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
We don't want to go blind because there's too many possibilities,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€,
13:24
and there is not too much lab,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹œ๋„ํ• ๋งŒ ํ•œ
13:27
and there is not enough human time
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ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:29
to actually to do all the experiments.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค๋„ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:31
So that's what we are building from the left side of the river.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๊ฐ•์˜ ์™ผํŽธ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
From the right bank of the river
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์šฐ์ธก ๊ฐ•๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š”
13:36
are the experiments in the lab that I just showed you,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
where we actually tried that, and it feeds back and forth,
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์ฆ‰ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
and we hope to meet in the middle one day.
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
So why should you care about that?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
13:48
Why am I trying to sell you
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ–์— ์ง€์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€
13:50
a half-built bridge?
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŒ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
13:52
Am I that charming?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:55
Well, there are many reasons,
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๋งŽ์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ณ ,
13:57
and you heard some of them
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์งง์€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ์™€์ค‘์—
13:59
in the short talk today.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
This understanding of chemistry
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š”
14:03
actually can help us
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์—
14:05
with our daily lives.
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๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ฃ .
14:07
But there is something more profound here,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ด๊ณ 
14:09
something deeper.
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๊นŠ์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
And that deeper, underlying point
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋ž€
14:15
is that science
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๊ณผํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
14:17
is in the process of redefining life
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์„
14:20
as we know it.
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์žฌ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
And that is going to change
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400๋…„ ์ „ ์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค๊ฐ€
14:24
our worldview in a profound way --
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๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๋“ฏ์ด
14:27
not in a dissimilar way
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ณผํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
14:29
as 400 years ago,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š”
14:31
Copernicus' act did,
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์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
14:33
by changing the way
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€๋„
14:35
we view space and time.
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๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
Now it's about something else,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
14:39
but it's equally profound.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
And half the time,
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๋” ํฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์†์—์„œ
14:43
what's happened
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๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์ผ์€
14:45
is it's related this kind of
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด
14:47
sense of insignificance
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•จ,
14:49
to humankind,
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๋ณด์ž˜๊ฒƒ ์—†์Œ, ํ•˜์ฐฎ์Œ์˜ ์ธ์‹์„
14:51
to the Earth in a bigger space.
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๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
And the more we learn,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก
14:56
the more that was reinforced.
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์ด ์ธ์‹์€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
You've all learned that in school --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•™์ฐฝ์‹œ์ ˆ์—
15:01
how small the Earth is
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์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์†์—์„œ
15:03
compared to the immense universe.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
And the bigger the telescope,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋ก
15:07
the bigger that universe becomes.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋„ ๋” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
And look at this image of the tiny, blue dot.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์† ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์ ์„ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
15:12
This pixel is the Earth.
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์ด ํ”ฝ์…€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
It is the Earth as we know it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:16
It is seen from, in this case,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ† ์„ฑ ๊ถค๋„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ
15:18
from outside the orbit of Saturn.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
But it's really tiny.
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์ •๋ง ์ข์Œ€๋งŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
We know that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:25
Let's think of life as that entire planet
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
15:27
because, in a sense, it is.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
15:29
The biosphere is the size of the Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์ด ๊ณง ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
Life on Earth
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์ฆ‰ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”
15:33
is the size of the Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
And let's compare it to the rest of the world
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์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ
15:38
in spatial terms.
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๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
15:40
What if that
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๋งŒ์•ฝ
15:42
Copernican insignificance
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์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์˜ ๋ณด์ž˜๊ฒƒ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด
15:45
was actually all wrong?
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด?
15:47
Would that make us more responsible
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
15:49
for what is happening today?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋” ํฐ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
15:51
Let's actually try that.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
15:53
So in space, the Earth is very small.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
Can you imagine how small it is?
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž‘์€์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
15:58
Let me try it.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
Okay, let's say
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์ž, ๋งŒ์•ฝ
16:02
this is the size
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ,
16:04
of the observable universe,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜์™€
16:06
with all the galaxies,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ„๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ
16:08
with all the stars,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
16:10
okay, from here to here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
16:12
Do you know what the size of life
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์ด ๋„ฅํƒ€์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ
16:14
in this necktie will be?
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์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:17
It will be the size
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€
16:20
of a single, small atom.
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์›์ž ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
It is unimaginably small.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
We can't imagine it.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†์ฃ .
16:26
I mean look, you can see the necktie,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋„ฅํƒ€์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
16:28
but you can't even imagine seeing
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์ž‘์€ ์›์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
16:30
the size of a little, small atom.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
But that's not the whole story, you see.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
The universe and life
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์šฐ์ฃผ์™€ ์ƒ๋ช…์€
16:38
are both in space and time.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
If that was
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ๋„ฅํƒ€์ด๊ฐ€
16:44
the age of the universe,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
16:46
then this is the age of life on Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:50
Think about those oldest living things on Earth,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณ 
16:53
but in a cosmic proportion.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์  ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
16:55
This is not insignificant.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ณด์ž˜๊ฒƒ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
This is very significant.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋งค์šฐ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
So life might be insignificant in size,
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์ฆ‰ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๋น„๋ก ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„  ๋ณด์ž˜๊ฒƒ ์—†์„์ง€๋ผ๋„
17:03
but it is not insignificant in time.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„  ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
Life and the universe
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์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š”
17:09
compare to each other like a child and a parent,
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๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์ž์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:12
parent and offspring.
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๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๊ทธ ์ž์†.
17:14
So what does this tell us?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
17:16
This tells us that
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:18
that insignificance paradigm
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์  ์›์น™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
17:20
that we somehow got to learn
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์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ
17:22
from the Copernican principle,
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๊ทธ ๋ณด์ž˜๊ฒƒ์—†์Œ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด
17:24
it's all wrong.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
There is immense, powerful potential
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์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ ์†์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์€
17:29
in life in this universe --
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:31
especially now that we know
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ„์ด
17:33
that places like the Earth are common.
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๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
17:37
And that potential, that powerful potential,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์€
17:40
is also our potential,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:42
of you and me.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ €์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:44
And if we are to be stewards
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด
17:46
of our planet Earth
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€
17:48
and its biosphere,
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๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์ž„์„ ์ž์ฒ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
17:50
we'd better understand
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๊ทธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„
17:52
the cosmic significance
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์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
17:54
and do something about it.
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๋˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์— ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:56
And the good news is we can
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ
17:58
actually, indeed do it.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:00
And let's do it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
18:02
Let's start this new revolution
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—
18:04
at the tail end of the old one,
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์ธ๊ณต์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š”
18:07
with synthetic biology being
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ
18:09
the way to transform
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ
18:11
both our environment
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๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
18:13
and our future.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:15
And let's hope that we can build this bridge together
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€์–ด
18:17
and meet in the middle.
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธธ ํฌ๋งํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
18:19
Thank you very much.
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์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:21
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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