Dimitar Sasselov: How we found hundreds of Earth-like planets

106,799 views ใƒป 2010-07-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Well, indeed, I'm very, very lucky.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจ-ืžื–ืœ.
00:18
My talk essentially got written
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ื”ืจืฆืืชื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื”
00:20
by three historic events
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื
00:22
that happened within days of each other
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื
00:24
in the last two months --
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ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื --
00:27
seemingly unrelated, but as you will see,
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ืœืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืื•,
00:29
actually all having to do with
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ
00:31
the story I want to tell you today.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:33
The first one was actually a funeral --
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” --
00:36
to be more precise, a reburial.
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ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช.
00:38
On May 22nd, there was a hero's reburial
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ื‘ืžืื™ 22, ื‘ืคืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืจืง, ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ,
00:41
in Frombork, Poland
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
00:43
of the 16th-century astronomer
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ืžืžืื” ื”-16
00:46
who actually changed the world.
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:48
He did that, literally,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
00:50
by replacing the Earth with the Sun
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉืžืฉ
00:53
in the center of the Solar System,
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:55
and then with this simple-looking act,
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ื•ืื–, ืขื ืžืขืฉื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื”,
00:58
he actually launched a scientific
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื”ืคื›ื”
01:00
and technological revolution,
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ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
01:02
which many call the Copernican Revolution.
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ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงืื™ืช.
01:05
Now that was,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื’ื,
01:07
ironically, and very befittingly,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ืœืžืช,
01:10
the way we found his grave.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืงื‘ืจื•.
01:12
As it was the custom of the time,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•,
01:14
Copernicus was actually
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ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื
01:16
simply buried in an unmarked grave,
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ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืกื•ืžืŸ
01:19
together with 14 others
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื“ 14 ืื—ืจื™ื
01:21
in that cathedral.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงืชื“ืจืœื”.
01:24
DNA analysis,
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช DNA,
01:26
one of the hallmarks
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš
01:28
of the scientific revolution
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช
01:30
of the last 400 years that he started,
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ื‘-400 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื”,
01:33
was the way we found
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžืฆืื ื•
01:35
which set of bones
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช
01:37
actually belonged to the person
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืื•ืชื• ืื“ื
01:39
who read all those astronomical books
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ืืฉืจ ืงืจื ืืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ื”ื
01:42
which were filled with leftover hair
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื ืฉืจ
01:44
that was Copernicus' hair --
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืขืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก --
01:46
obviously not many other people
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:48
bothered to read these books later on.
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ื˜ืจื—ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš.
01:50
That match was unambiguous.
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ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช.
01:52
The DNA matched,
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ื”-DNA ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ื.
01:54
and we know that this was indeed
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืื›ืŸ
01:56
Nicolaus Copernicus.
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ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก.
01:58
Now, the connection between
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:00
biology and DNA
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•-DNA
02:02
and life
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื
02:04
is very tantalizing when you talk about Copernicus
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ื”ื•ื ืจื‘-ืจื•ืฉื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก
02:06
because, even back then,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื–,
02:08
his followers
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ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื•,
02:10
very quickly made the logical step
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ืขืฉื• ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
02:12
to ask: if the Earth is just a planet,
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ื•ืฉืืœื•: ืื ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช,
02:15
then what about planets around other stars?
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ืื– ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
02:18
What about the idea of the plurality of the worlds,
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช,
02:20
about life on other planets?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื?
02:22
In fact, I'm borrowing here from one of those
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื
02:24
very popular books of the time.
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ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื.
02:26
And at the time,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื,
02:28
people actually answered that question
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
02:30
positively: "Yes."
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ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘, "ื›ืŸ".
02:32
But there was no evidence.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืื™ื•ืช.
02:35
And here begins 400 years
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช 400 ืฉื ื™ื
02:38
of frustration, of unfulfilled dreams --
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ืฉืœ ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื• --
02:41
the dreams of Galileo, Giordano Bruno,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœืื•, ื’ื™ืื•ืจื“ืื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื ื•,
02:44
many others --
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:46
which never led to the answer
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ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
02:48
of those very basic questions
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ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
02:50
which humanity has asked all the time.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:52
"What is life? What is the origin of life?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื? ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื?
02:54
Are we alone?"
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ืœื‘ื“?
02:56
And that especially happened in the last 10 years,
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:59
at the end of the 20th century,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
03:01
when the beautiful developments
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื
03:03
due to molecular biology,
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ืขืงื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
03:05
understanding the code of life, DNA,
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ื”ื‘ื ืช ืงื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”-DNA,
03:07
all of that seemed to actually
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื•
03:09
put us, not closer,
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ื’ืจื ืœื ื•, ืœื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘,
03:11
but further apart from answering
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ืืœื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืžืชืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
03:13
those basic questions.
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ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
03:16
Now, the good news.
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
03:18
A lot has happened in the last few years,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
03:20
and let's start with the planets.
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ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช.
03:22
Let's start with the old Copernican question:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก:
03:25
Are there earths around other stars?
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ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™-ืืจืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
03:28
And as we already heard,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขื ื•,
03:30
there is a way in which
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ื”
03:32
we are trying, and now able,
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ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ื•ื›ืขืช ื’ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
03:34
to answer that question.
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ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•.
03:36
It's a new telescope.
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:38
Our team, befittingly I think,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืœืžืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
03:40
named it after one of those dreamers
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ืงืจืื” ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื
03:42
of the Copernican time,
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ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก,
03:44
Johannes Kepler,
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ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืงืคืœืจ.
03:46
and that telescope's sole purpose
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค
03:48
is to go out,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืฆืืช,
03:50
find the planets that orbit
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื
03:52
other stars in our galaxy,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:54
and tell us how often do planets like our own Earth
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ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช
03:57
happen to be out there.
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ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื™-ืฉื.
04:00
The telescope is actually
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ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื”
04:02
built similarly to
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”
04:04
the, well-known to you, Hubble Space Telescope,
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ืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืื‘ืœ,
04:06
except it does have an additional lens --
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช --
04:09
a wide-field lens,
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ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื“ื”-ืจื—ื‘,
04:11
as you would call it as a photographer.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆืœืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืŸ.
04:13
And if, in the next couple of months,
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ื•ืื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
04:15
you walk out in the early evening
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ืชืฆืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช
04:17
and look straight up
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ื•ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืขืœื”
04:19
and place you palm like this,
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ื•ืชื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ื›ื ื›ื›ื”,
04:21
you will actually be looking at the field of the sky
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
04:24
where this telescope is searching for planets
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ื‘ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืคืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช
04:27
day and night, without any interruption,
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ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”,
04:29
for the next four years.
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ืœืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
04:32
The way we do that, actually,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
04:34
is with a method, which we call the transit method.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ.
04:37
It's actually mini-eclipses that occur
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื™ืงื•ื™-ืฉืžืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ
04:39
when a planet passes in front of its star.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื”ืœื›ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื•.
04:41
Not all of the planets will be fortuitously oriented
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงืจื”
04:44
for us to be able do that,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
04:46
but if you have a million stars,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
04:49
you'll find enough planets.
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ื ืžืฆื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช.
04:51
And as you see on this animation,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื”,
04:54
what Kepler is going to detect
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ืžื” ืฉืงืคืœืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืืชืจ
04:56
is just the dimming of the light from the star.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืขืžืขื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
04:59
We are not going to see the image of the star and the planet as this.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื”ืœื›ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
05:02
All the stars for Kepler are just points of light.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืคืœืจ ื”ื ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจ,
05:05
But we learn a lot from that:
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืŸ.
05:07
not only that there is a planet there, but we also learn its size.
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœื•.
05:10
How much of the light is being dimmed
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืžืขืžืช
05:12
depends on how big the planet is.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื”ืœื›ืช.
05:15
We learn about its orbit,
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื•,
05:17
the period of its orbit and so on.
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
05:19
So, what have we learned?
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ืื ื›ืš, ืžื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ?
05:22
Well, let me try to walk you through
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืื ืกื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ
05:25
what we actually see
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
05:27
and so you understand the news
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
05:29
that I'm here to tell you today.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:31
What Kepler does
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ืžื” ืฉืงืคืœืจ ืขื•ืฉื”
05:33
is discover a lot of candidates,
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ื–ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื,
05:35
which we then follow up and find as planets,
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ืืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
05:37
confirm as planets.
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ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช, ืžื•ื•ื“ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช.
05:39
It basically tells us
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
05:41
this is the distribution of planets in size.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœื.
05:44
There are small planets, there are bigger planets, there are big planets, okay.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
05:47
So we count many, many such planets,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื”,
05:50
and they have different sizes.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:52
We do that in our solar system.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
05:54
In fact, even back during the ancients,
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
05:57
the Solar System in that sense
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”
05:59
would look on a diagram like this.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืš ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ืชืจืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
06:01
There will be the smaller planets, and there will be the big planets,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
06:04
even back to the time of Epicurus
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืืคื™ืงื•ืจื•ืก
06:06
and then of course Copernicus
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ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
06:08
and his followers.
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ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื•.
06:10
Up until recently, that was the Solar System --
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ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ --
06:12
four Earth-like planets with small radius,
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืงื˜ืŸ,
06:15
smaller than about two times the size of the Earth --
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:18
and that was of course Mercury,
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืžื”,
06:20
Venus, Mars,
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ื ื•ื’ื”, ืžืื“ื™ื,
06:22
and of course the Earth,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
06:24
and then the two big, giant planets.
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ื•ืื– ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื.
06:26
Then the Copernican Revolution
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ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงืื™ืช
06:28
brought in telescopes,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื.
06:30
and of course three more planets were discovered.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืชื’ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
06:32
Now the total planet number
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ื›ืขืช ืก"ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช
06:34
in our solar system was nine.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” 9.
06:36
The small planets dominated,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื•,
06:38
and there was a certain harmony to that,
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ื•ื ืœื•ื•ืชื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
06:40
which actually Copernicus was very happy to note,
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ืฉืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก ืฉืžื— ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื”,
06:43
and Kepler was one of the big proponents of.
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ื•ืงืคืœืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”.
06:46
So now we have Pluto to join the numbers of small planets.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
06:49
But up until, literally, 15 years ago,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื” ืžืžืฉ,
06:52
that was all we knew about planets.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช.
06:54
And that's what the frustration was.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืชืกื›ื•ืœ.
06:56
The Copernican dream was unfulfilled.
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงืื™ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืžื•ืžืฉ.
06:59
Finally, 15 years ago,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื”,
07:01
the technology came to the point
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”
07:03
where we could discover a planet around another star,
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ื‘ื” ื™ื›ืœื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ,
07:06
and we actually did pretty well.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:09
In the next 15 years,
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ื‘-15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
07:11
almost 500 planets
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ื ืชื’ืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 500
07:13
were discovered orbiting other stars, with different methods.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
07:16
Unfortunately, as you can see,
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช,
07:19
there was a very different picture.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
07:21
There was of course an explanation for it:
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ.
07:23
We only see the big planets,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
07:25
so that's why most of those planets
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ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืœืœื•
07:27
are really in the category of "like Jupiter."
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช "ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืฆื“ืง".
07:30
But you see, we haven't gone very far.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืœื ื”ืจื—ืงื ื• ืœื›ืช.
07:33
We were still back where Copernicus was.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก ื”ื™ื”.
07:36
We didn't have any evidence
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ืจืื™ื”
07:38
whether planets like the Earth are out there.
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ื‘ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:40
And we do care about planets like the Earth
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ื–ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
07:43
because by now we understood
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
07:45
that life as a chemical system
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืช,
07:48
really needs a smaller planet
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ื‘ืืžืช ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:50
with water and with rocks
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ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ืกืœืขื™ื
07:52
and with a lot of complex chemistry
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ื•ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
07:54
to originate, to emerge, to survive.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื‘ื•ืข, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
07:57
And we didn't have the evidence for that.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”.
08:00
So today, I'm here to actually give you a first glimpse
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ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฆืฆื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
08:02
of what the new telescope, Kepler,
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ืืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืงืคืœืจ,
08:05
has been able to tell us in the last few weeks,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
08:08
and, lo and behold,
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ื”ืกื›ื™ืชื• ื•ืฉื™ืžืขื•,
08:10
we are back to the harmony
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ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”
08:12
and to fulfilling the dreams of Copernicus.
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ื•ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก.
08:15
You can see here,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
08:17
the small planets dominate the picture.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื.
08:19
The planets which are marked "like Earth,"
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื "ื“ืžื•ื™ื™-ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ืืจืฅ",
08:22
[are] definitely more than
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ื”ื ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ
08:24
any other planets that we see.
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ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
08:26
And now for the first time, we can say that.
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ื–ื• ืคืขื ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช.
08:28
There is a lot more work we need to do with this.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
08:31
Most of these are candidates.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื ืจืง ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื.
08:33
In the next few years we will confirm them.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ื›ืืœื”.
08:35
But the statistical result
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
08:37
is loud and clear.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื“ื”.
08:39
And the statistical result is that
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช
08:42
planets like our own Earth
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ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•
08:44
are out there.
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ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื™-ืฉื.
08:46
Our own Milky Way Galaxy is rich in this kind of planets.
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ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ-ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
08:49
So the question is: what do we do next?
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•: ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
08:52
Well, first of all, we can study them
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื
08:54
now that we know where they are.
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ื›ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
08:57
And we can find those that we would call habitable,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืืœื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ื•ืชื "ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ื”",
09:00
meaning that they have similar conditions
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ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื
09:02
to the conditions
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ืœืชื ืื™ื
09:04
that we experience here on Earth
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ืืจืฅ
09:07
and where a lot of complex chemistry can happen.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
09:10
So, we can even put a number
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืžืกืคืจ
09:13
to how many of those planets
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืœืœื•
09:15
now do we expect our own
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ืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช
09:17
Milky Way Galaxy harbors.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื”.
09:19
And the number, as you might expect,
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืคื™ื,
09:21
is pretty staggering.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:23
It's about 100 million such planets.
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ื›-100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื›ืืœื”.
09:26
That's great news. Why?
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ืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช. ืžื“ื•ืข?
09:28
Because with our own little telescope,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
09:30
just in the next two years,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
09:32
we'll be able to identify at least 60 of them.
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช 60 ืžื”ื.
09:35
So that's great because then
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ื–ื” ื ืคืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื–
09:37
we can go and study them --
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื --
09:39
remotely, of course --
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ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ --
09:41
with all the techniques that we already have
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ
09:43
tested in the past five years.
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื•.
09:45
We can find what they're made of,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื,
09:47
would their atmospheres have water, carbon dioxide, methane.
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ืื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื, ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืžืชืืŸ.
09:50
We know and expect that we'll see that.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”.
09:54
That's great, but that is not the whole news.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื›ืœ.
09:57
That's not why I'm here.
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ.
10:00
Why I'm here is to tell you that the next step
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื
10:03
is really the exciting part.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
10:06
The one that this step
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ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื“ ืฉืฆืขื“ ื–ื”
10:08
is enabling us to do is coming next.
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
10:11
And here comes biology --
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” --
10:13
biology, with its basic question,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื”,
10:16
which still stands unanswered,
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ืืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
10:18
which is essentially:
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ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื:
10:20
"If there is life on other planets,
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"ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
10:22
do we expect it to be like life on Earth?"
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ?"
10:25
And let me immediately tell you here,
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ื•ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื™ื™ื“,
10:27
when I say life, I don't mean "dolce vita,"
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ "ื“ื•ืœืฆ'ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื”",
10:29
good life, human life.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื.
10:31
I really mean life
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื
10:34
on Earth, past and present,
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ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”,
10:36
from microbes to us humans,
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ืžื—ื“-ืชืื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืœื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
10:38
in its rich molecular diversity,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™,
10:41
the way we now understand life on Earth
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
10:44
as being a set of molecules and chemical reactions --
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช --
10:47
and we call that, collectively, biochemistry,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช ื™ื—ื“, ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
10:50
life as a chemical process,
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื™ืžื™,
10:53
as a chemical phenomenon.
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ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช.
10:55
So the question is:
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื:
10:57
is that chemical phenomenon universal,
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช,
11:00
or is it something
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
11:02
which depends on the planet?
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ื”ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื”ืœื›ืช?
11:04
Is it like gravity,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื—-ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
11:06
which is the same everywhere in the universe,
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ื”ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
11:08
or there would be all kinds of different biochemistries
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ืื• ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
11:11
wherever we find them?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืื•ืชืŸ?
11:13
We need to know what we are looking for
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
11:16
when we try to do that.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
11:18
And that's a very basic question, which we don't know the answer to,
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
11:21
but which we can try --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช --
11:23
and we are trying -- to answer in the lab.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื -- ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
11:25
We don't need to go to space
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœื—ืœืœ
11:27
to answer that question.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•.
11:29
And so, that's what we are trying to do.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
11:31
And that's what many people now are trying to do.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
11:34
And a lot of the good news comes from that part of the bridge
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ
11:37
that we are trying to build as well.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
11:40
So this is one example
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช
11:42
that I want to show you here.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ.
11:44
When we think of what is necessary
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš
11:46
for the phenomenon that we call life,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
11:49
we think of compartmentalization,
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“,
11:52
keeping the molecules which are important for life
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ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื
11:55
in a membrane,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืจื•ื,
11:57
isolated from the rest of the environment,
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ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
11:59
but yet, in an environment in which
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
12:01
they actually could originate together.
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ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
12:04
And in one of our labs,
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ื•ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
12:06
Jack Szostak's labs,
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ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืง ืกื–ื•ืกื˜ืืง,
12:08
it was a series of experiments
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ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
12:10
in the last four years
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ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
12:12
that showed that the environments --
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช --
12:14
which are very common on planets,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช,
12:16
on certain types of planets like the Earth,
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ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
12:19
where you have some liquid water and some clays --
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืงืฆืช ืื“ืžื”,
12:22
you actually end up with
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
12:25
naturally available molecules
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
12:27
which spontaneously form bubbles.
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ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™.
12:30
But those bubbles have membranes
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืงืจื•ืžื™ื
12:33
very similar to the membrane of every cell
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ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืงืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื
12:36
of every living thing on Earth looks like,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
12:39
like this.
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
12:41
And they really help molecules,
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
12:43
like nucleic acids, like RNA and DNA,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• RNA ื•-DNA,
12:46
stay inside, develop,
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ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืœื”ืชืคืชื—,
12:48
change, divide
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ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช, ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง
12:50
and do some of the processes that we call life.
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:53
Now this is just an example
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื
12:55
to tell you the pathway
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ
12:57
in which we are trying to answer
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ื“ืจื›ื• ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘
12:59
that bigger question about the universality of the phenomenon.
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”.
13:03
And in a sense, you can think of that work
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
13:06
that people are starting to do now around the world
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
13:08
as building a bridge,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื’ืฉืจ,
13:10
building a bridge from two sides of the river.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื’ืฉืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
13:13
On one hand, on the left bank of the river,
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื’ื“ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ,
13:16
are the people like me who study those planets
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ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช
13:19
and try to define the environments.
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
13:21
We don't want to go blind because there's too many possibilities,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ื•ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
13:24
and there is not too much lab,
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
13:27
and there is not enough human time
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืื“ื
13:29
to actually to do all the experiments.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
13:31
So that's what we are building from the left side of the river.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
13:34
From the right bank of the river
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ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ
13:36
are the experiments in the lab that I just showed you,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื,
13:39
where we actually tried that, and it feeds back and forth,
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ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”,
13:42
and we hope to meet in the middle one day.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
13:45
So why should you care about that?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื?
13:48
Why am I trying to sell you
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื›ื
13:50
a half-built bridge?
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ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœืžื—ืฆื”?
13:52
Am I that charming?
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื›ื” ืžืงืกื™ื?
13:55
Well, there are many reasons,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
13:57
and you heard some of them
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ื•ืฉืžืขืชื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ
13:59
in the short talk today.
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ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
14:01
This understanding of chemistry
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
14:03
actually can help us
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื•
14:05
with our daily lives.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
14:07
But there is something more profound here,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™,
14:09
something deeper.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง.
14:11
And that deeper, underlying point
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:15
is that science
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ืข
14:17
is in the process of redefining life
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื
14:20
as we know it.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
14:22
And that is going to change
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช
14:24
our worldview in a profound way --
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ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช --
14:27
not in a dissimilar way
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ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”
14:29
as 400 years ago,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ 400 ืฉื ื”,
14:31
Copernicus' act did,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก ืขืฉื”,
14:33
by changing the way
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ
14:35
we view space and time.
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื—ืœืœ ื•ื–ืžืŸ.
14:37
Now it's about something else,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
14:39
but it's equally profound.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
14:41
And half the time,
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ื•ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ
14:43
what's happened
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
14:45
is it's related this kind of
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืŸ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ
14:47
sense of insignificance
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
14:49
to humankind,
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ืืฆืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
14:51
to the Earth in a bigger space.
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
14:53
And the more we learn,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:56
the more that was reinforced.
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ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช.
14:59
You've all learned that in school --
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืœืžื“ืชื ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ --
15:01
how small the Earth is
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ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
15:03
compared to the immense universe.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ืงื•ื ื”ืขืฆื•ื.
15:05
And the bigger the telescope,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:07
the bigger that universe becomes.
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:09
And look at this image of the tiny, blue dot.
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”.
15:12
This pixel is the Earth.
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ืคื™ืงืกืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
15:14
It is the Earth as we know it.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
15:16
It is seen from, in this case,
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”
15:18
from outside the orbit of Saturn.
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ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
15:21
But it's really tiny.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื–ืขื™ืจ.
15:23
We know that.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช.
15:25
Let's think of life as that entire planet
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ื‘ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื,
15:27
because, in a sense, it is.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ืš.
15:29
The biosphere is the size of the Earth.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
15:31
Life on Earth
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
15:33
is the size of the Earth.
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ื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
15:35
And let's compare it to the rest of the world
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
15:38
in spatial terms.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื—ืœืœ.
15:40
What if that
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ืžื” ืื
15:42
Copernican insignificance
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงืื™ืช
15:45
was actually all wrong?
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื”?
15:47
Would that make us more responsible
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจืื™ื
15:49
for what is happening today?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื?
15:51
Let's actually try that.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ื–ืืช.
15:53
So in space, the Earth is very small.
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ืื– ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
15:56
Can you imagine how small it is?
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ื”ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ?
15:58
Let me try it.
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ืื ืกื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื.
16:00
Okay, let's say
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืืžืจ
16:02
this is the size
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ
16:04
of the observable universe,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ,
16:06
with all the galaxies,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
16:08
with all the stars,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
16:10
okay, from here to here.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ.
16:12
Do you know what the size of life
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื”
16:14
in this necktie will be?
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•?
16:17
It will be the size
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ
16:20
of a single, small atom.
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ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืื˜ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ.
16:22
It is unimaginably small.
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ื–ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœ-ื™ืชื•ืืจ.
16:24
We can't imagine it.
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
16:26
I mean look, you can see the necktie,
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ืชืจืื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื‘ื”,
16:28
but you can't even imagine seeing
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
16:30
the size of a little, small atom.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื˜ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ.
16:33
But that's not the whole story, you see.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
16:36
The universe and life
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
16:38
are both in space and time.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
16:41
If that was
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
16:44
the age of the universe,
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ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
16:46
then this is the age of life on Earth.
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
16:50
Think about those oldest living things on Earth,
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:53
but in a cosmic proportion.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช.
16:55
This is not insignificant.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
16:58
This is very significant.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
17:00
So life might be insignificant in size,
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ืื– ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
17:03
but it is not insignificant in time.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
17:07
Life and the universe
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื
17:09
compare to each other like a child and a parent,
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ื•ืจื”,
17:12
parent and offspring.
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ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ืฆืืฆื.
17:14
So what does this tell us?
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ืื– ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•?
17:16
This tells us that
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
17:18
that insignificance paradigm
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ืฉืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
17:20
that we somehow got to learn
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ืฉืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื•
17:22
from the Copernican principle,
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ืžื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก,
17:24
it's all wrong.
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ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื”.
17:26
There is immense, powerful potential
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™
17:29
in life in this universe --
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื–ื” --
17:31
especially now that we know
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
17:33
that places like the Earth are common.
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ืฉืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
17:37
And that potential, that powerful potential,
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ื•ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ, ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™,
17:40
is also our potential,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
17:42
of you and me.
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ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืฉืœื™.
17:44
And if we are to be stewards
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ื•ืื ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืžื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื
17:46
of our planet Earth
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ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ
17:48
and its biosphere,
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ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•,
17:50
we'd better understand
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ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ
17:52
the cosmic significance
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช
17:54
and do something about it.
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ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
17:56
And the good news is we can
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
17:58
actually, indeed do it.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
18:00
And let's do it.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
18:02
Let's start this new revolution
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื–ื•
18:04
at the tail end of the old one,
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ืžืงืฆื” ื–ื ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื”,
18:07
with synthetic biology being
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ืช
18:09
the way to transform
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
18:11
both our environment
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ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•
18:13
and our future.
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ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•.
18:15
And let's hope that we can build this bridge together
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ื•ื”ื‘ื” ื ืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ืฉืจ ื–ื”
18:17
and meet in the middle.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
18:19
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:21
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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