Ugly History: The Spanish Inquisition - Kayla Wolf

翻译人员: Meiqi Jia 校对人员: Helen Chang

It’s 1481.

1481 年，

In the city of Seville,

在西班牙的塞维利亚城， 虔诚的天主教徒正在向当局自首。

devout Catholics are turning themselves in to the authorities.

They’re confessing to heresy— failure to follow the beliefs of the Catholic Church.

他们承认异端， 违背了天主教的教义。

But why?

但是为什么？

The Spanish Inquisition has arrived in Seville.

西班牙宗教审讯所来到了塞维利亚。

The Inquisition began in 1478, when Pope Sixtus IV issued a decree

宗教审讯开始于 1478 ，

教宗西斯科特四世颁布法令，

authorizing the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella,

授权天主教君主费迪南德和伊莎贝拉

to root out heresy in the Spanish kingdoms—

根除西班牙王国的异端邪说。

a confederacy of semi-independent kingdoms

当时该地区的半独立王国联盟 是现代西班牙的前身。

in the area that would become the modern country of Spain.

Though the order came from the church, the monarchs had requested it.

虽然命令来自于教会， 但那也是君主要求的。

When the Inquisition began, the Spanish kingdoms were diverse

一开始审讯时，西班牙王国 有着形形色色的种族和宗教，

both ethnically and religiously,

with Jews, Muslims, and Christians living in the same regions.

犹太人、穆斯林、 天主教徒居住在同一区域。

The Inquisition quickly turned its attention to ridding the region

审讯所很快便开始专注于 驱除那些非天主教人士，

of people who were not part of the Catholic Church.

It would last more than 350 years.

持续超过 350 年。

On the ground, groups called tribunals ran the Inquisition in each region.

在当地，名为审裁小组的团体 掌控了每个区域的审讯所。

Roles on a tribunal could include

审裁小组包括一位负责逮捕的警察、

an arresting constable, a prosecuting attorney,

一位检察官、

inquisitors to question the accused, and a scribe.

审问被告的审讯官，和一位抄写员。

A “Grand Inquisitor,” a member of the clergy selected by the king and queen,

一位“大审判官”，是一位 被国王和王后挑选的神职人员，

almost always led a tribunal.

通常带领审裁。

The Inquisition marked its arrival in each new place with an “Edict of Grace.”

审讯所每到一个地方 都会发布“恩典赦令”,

Typically lasting 40 days,

通常期限是 40 天。

the Edict of Grace promised mercy to those who confess to heresy.

“恩典赦令”许诺会仁慈对待 那些承认异端的人。

After that, the inquisitors persecuted suspected heretics

在那之后，审讯官便根据匿名指控 迫害那些被怀疑的异端们。

on the basis of anonymous accusations.

So the confessors in Seville probably didn’t see themselves as actual heretics—

所以，塞维利亚的忏悔者 未必认为自己真的是异端，

instead, they were hedging their bets by reporting themselves

而是赌——在后果 尚不严重时便自我上报，

when the consequences were low,

rather than risking imprisonment or torture

免得往后一旦别人指认他们 会被监禁或刑求。

if someone else accused them later on.

They were right to worry:

他们的担忧没有错：

once the authorities arrested someone, accusations were often vague,

一旦当局逮捕了某些人， 控告通常是模糊的，

so the accused didn’t know the reasons for their arrest

所以被控告的人不知道 他们为何被逮捕，

or the identity of their accuser.

也不知道控告者的身份。

Victims were imprisoned for months or even years.

受害者受到长达几个月 或者几年的监禁。

Once arrested, their property was confiscated,

一旦被逮捕，财产就被没收，

often leaving their families on the street.

以至于他们的家人无家可归。

Under these conditions, victims confessed to the most mundane forms of heresy—

在这样的情况下 受害者承认最平凡的异端形式——

例如在星期六晾晒床单。

like hanging linen to dry on a Saturday.

The Inquisition targeted different subsets of the population over time.

审讯所逐渐针对人口中的不同团体。

In 1492, at the brutal Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada’s urging,

1492 年，在残忍的大审判官 托马斯·德·托尔克马达的催促下，

the monarchs issued a decree giving Spanish Jews four months

君主发布一条法令，

命令西班牙犹太人 要么在四个月内改信天主教，

to either convert to Christianity or leave the kingdom.

要么离开西班牙。

Thousands were expelled and those who stayed risked persecution.

上千人被驱逐，

那些留下来的则有被迫害的风险。

Converts to Christianity, known as conversos, weren’t even safe,

改信天主教的人被称为改宗者， 也不安全，

because authorities suspected them of practicing Judaism in secret.

因为当局怀疑他们 秘密地信奉犹太教。

The hatred directed at conversos was both religious and economic,

改宗者们受到了宗教 与经济性的敌意，

as conversos made up a large portion of the upper middle class.

因为他们很大一部分是中上阶级。

The Inquisition eventually shifted its focus to the moriscos,

审讯所关注的中心 最终转移到了莫里斯科人，

converts to Christianity from Islam.

从伊斯兰教转信基督教的人。

In 1609, an edict passed forcing all moriscos to leave.

1609 年，一则法令强迫 所有的莫里斯科人离开西班牙。

An estimated 300,000 left.

估计三十万人离开了。

Those who remained became the Inquisition’s next targets.

那些留下来的人成为了 审讯所下一个针对对象。

The inquisitors announced the punishments of those found guilty of heresy

审判官在公共集会上 宣布惩罚那些犯有异端罪的人，

in public gatherings called autos de fé, or acts of faith.

称为 autos de fé 或信仰的行为。

Hundreds of people gathered to watch the procession of sinners, mass, sermon,

上百人围观充斥着 罪人、弥撒、布道的游行，

and finally the announcement of punishments.

和最终处罚的宣告。

Most of the accused received punishments like imprisonment, exile,

大部分被告被罚监禁、流放，

or having to wear a sanbenito, a garment that marked them as a sinner.

或穿悔罪服——标记罪人的服装。

The worst punishment was “relaxado en persona”—

最糟的处罚是 “relaxado en persona”—

a euphemism for burning at the stake.

火刑的委婉说法。

This punishment was relatively uncommon—

这种处罚不是很常见—

reserved for unrepentant and relapsed heretics.

留给不悔悟和复发的异端。

Over 350 years after Queen Isabella started the Inquisition,

在伊莎贝拉女王开始 审讯所的 350 多年后，

her namesake, Queen Isabella II, formally ended it on July 15th, 1834.

与她同名的伊莎贝拉二世女王

在 1834 年的 7月15日 正式终止审讯所。

The Spanish kingdoms’ dependence on the Catholic Church had isolated them

西班牙王国对天主教 教会的依赖使得其孤立，

while the rest of Europe experienced the Enlightenment

那期间其他的欧洲国家 经历启蒙运动，

and embraced the separation of church and state.

接受政教分离。

Historians still debate the number of people killed during the Inquisition.

历史家们仍然在争论 因为审讯所而死亡的人数。

Some suggest over 30,000 but most estimate between 1,000 and 2,000.

有些人认为死亡人数超过三万人，

但是大部分人估计 大约在一到两千之间。

The consequences of the Inquisition, however, reach far beyond fatalities.

然而审讯所带来的后果 远远超过死亡人数。

In some places, an estimated 1/3 of prisoners were tortured.

有些地方估计 1/3 的囚犯被刑求。

Hundreds of thousands of members of religious minorities

成千上万的宗教少数派 被强迫离开家园，

were forced to leave their homes,

and those who remained faced discrimination and economic hardship.

留下来的面临歧视和经济困境。

Smaller inquisitions in Spanish colonial territories

在美洲的较小型的审讯所，

in the Americas, especially Mexico, carried their own tolls.

尤其是墨西哥，也受到了影响。

Friends turned in friends, neighbors accused neighbors,

朋友反目，邻居互相控告，

and even family members reported each other of heresy.

甚至家庭成员控告彼此是异端。

Under the Inquisition,

审讯之下，

people were condemned to live in fear and paranoia for centuries.

几个世纪的人被罚而活在恐惧中。