Ugly History: The Spanish Inquisition - Kayla Wolf

1,621,768 views ・ 2021-03-23

TED-Ed


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譯者: 至磊Zi Le 黃Ng 審譯者: Yi-Ping Cho (Marssi)
00:06
It’s 1481.
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1481 年,
00:08
In the city of Seville,
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在塞維亞市,
00:09
devout Catholics are turning themselves in to the authorities.
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虔誠的天主教徒正向當局自首。
00:13
They’re confessing to heresy— failure to follow the beliefs of the Catholic Church.
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他們懺悔自己信奉異端邪說, 沒有依循天主教會的信仰。
00:19
But why?
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為什麼?
00:20
The Spanish Inquisition has arrived in Seville.
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西班牙宗教裁判所來到了塞維亞。
00:24
The Inquisition began in 1478, when Pope Sixtus IV issued a decree
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宗教裁判所開始於 1478 年, 教宗西斯篤四世發布一道政令,
00:29
authorizing the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella,
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准許天主教雙王,也就是 斐迪南二世和伊莎貝拉一世
00:33
to root out heresy in the Spanish kingdoms—
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根除西班牙王國的異端邪說。
00:36
a confederacy of semi-independent kingdoms
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該國是數個半獨立王國組成的邦聯, 位在現代西班牙的區域。
00:38
in the area that would become the modern country of Spain.
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00:42
Though the order came from the church, the monarchs had requested it.
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儘管命令來自教會, 但也是天主教雙王的要求。
00:46
When the Inquisition began, the Spanish kingdoms were diverse
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宗教審判開始前,
西班牙王國的種族和宗教都很多元,
00:49
both ethnically and religiously,
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00:52
with Jews, Muslims, and Christians living in the same regions.
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猶太人、穆斯林、基督徒 居住於相同區域。
00:56
The Inquisition quickly turned its attention to ridding the region
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宗教審判很快就將注意力放在 清洗人民不信奉天主教的地區。
00:59
of people who were not part of the Catholic Church.
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01:02
It would last more than 350 years.
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這持續了超過三百五十年。
01:07
On the ground, groups called tribunals ran the Inquisition in each region.
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宗教法庭負責對各地人民 施行異端審判。
01:12
Roles on a tribunal could include
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宗教法庭的成員包含
01:13
an arresting constable, a prosecuting attorney,
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負責逮捕的警員、控方律師、 質問被告的判官、抄寫員。
01:16
inquisitors to question the accused, and a scribe.
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01:20
A “Grand Inquisitor,” a member of the clergy selected by the king and queen,
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「宗教大法官」是國王和女王 選出的神職人員,
01:25
almost always led a tribunal.
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宗教法庭幾乎都由他們領導。
01:27
The Inquisition marked its arrival in each new place with an “Edict of Grace.”
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宗教裁判所每到一個地方, 就會頒布《恩典敕令》。
01:33
Typically lasting 40 days,
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一般會持續四十天,
01:34
the Edict of Grace promised mercy to those who confess to heresy.
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宗教大法官保證會寬恕 承認信奉異端的人。
01:39
After that, the inquisitors persecuted suspected heretics
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其後,調查人根據匿名指控 迫害可疑的異教徒。
01:43
on the basis of anonymous accusations.
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01:46
So the confessors in Seville probably didn’t see themselves as actual heretics—
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因此在塞維亞自首的人 大概不是真的異端分子,
01:51
instead, they were hedging their bets by reporting themselves
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而是選擇賭一把,
趁後果不嚴重時自我舉報,
01:54
when the consequences were low,
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01:56
rather than risking imprisonment or torture
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以免日後被他人指控, 遭到監禁或凌虐。
01:59
if someone else accused them later on.
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02:01
They were right to worry:
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他們的擔憂是對的:
02:03
once the authorities arrested someone, accusations were often vague,
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一旦當局逮捕某人, 指控常模糊不清,
02:07
so the accused didn’t know the reasons for their arrest
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所以被指控者並不知道為何被捕, 也不知道誰指控了他。
02:10
or the identity of their accuser.
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02:13
Victims were imprisoned for months or even years.
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受害者會被關押幾個月,甚至數年。
02:16
Once arrested, their property was confiscated,
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一旦被捕,財產會充公,
02:19
often leaving their families on the street.
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經常使得家人流落街頭。
02:22
Under these conditions, victims confessed to the most mundane forms of heresy—
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這種情況下,受害者會承認 犯下最輕微的異端,
02:27
like hanging linen to dry on a Saturday.
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例如在星期六晾衣服。
02:30
The Inquisition targeted different subsets of the population over time.
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宗教裁判所在不同時期 針對不同族群。
02:35
In 1492, at the brutal Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada’s urging,
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1492 年,在殘忍的宗教大法官 托馬斯‧德‧托爾克馬達敦促之下,
02:41
the monarchs issued a decree giving Spanish Jews four months
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天主教雙王頒布一道政令, 給猶太人四個月的時間,
02:45
to either convert to Christianity or leave the kingdom.
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要不改信基督教,要不離開王國。
02:50
Thousands were expelled and those who stayed risked persecution.
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數千人被驅逐了, 留下者則冒著被迫害的風險。
02:55
Converts to Christianity, known as conversos, weren’t even safe,
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改信基督教的人稱為皈依者, 甚至連他們也不安全,
03:00
because authorities suspected them of practicing Judaism in secret.
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因為當局懷疑他們 仍祕密奉行猶太教。
03:05
The hatred directed at conversos was both religious and economic,
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對皈依者的仇恨源於宗教和經濟,
03:10
as conversos made up a large portion of the upper middle class.
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因為皈依者占中上階層的一大部分。
03:14
The Inquisition eventually shifted its focus to the moriscos,
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宗教裁判所最終將焦點 轉向摩里斯科人,
03:18
converts to Christianity from Islam.
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也就是從伊斯蘭教改信基督教者。
03:21
In 1609, an edict passed forcing all moriscos to leave.
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1609 年,一條法令迫使 所有摩里斯科人離開。
03:26
An estimated 300,000 left.
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據估計三十萬人走了,
03:29
Those who remained became the Inquisition’s next targets.
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留下來的就變成 宗教裁判所的下個目標。
03:34
The inquisitors announced the punishments of those found guilty of heresy
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宗教裁判員宣布 被判異教徒的懲罰是
03:37
in public gatherings called autos de fé, or acts of faith.
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在公眾集會進行信仰審判。
03:42
Hundreds of people gathered to watch the procession of sinners, mass, sermon,
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數百人聚集觀看 罪人遊街示眾、彌撒、布道,
03:47
and finally the announcement of punishments.
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最後是宣布處罰。
03:50
Most of the accused received punishments like imprisonment, exile,
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多數被指控者受到監禁、流放,
03:54
or having to wear a sanbenito, a garment that marked them as a sinner.
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或穿上聖賓尼陀服, 這種衣服上標示出他們是罪人。
03:59
The worst punishment was “relaxado en persona”—
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最嚴重的刑罰稱為「親自放鬆」,
04:02
a euphemism for burning at the stake.
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這是被燒死在火刑柱的委婉說法。
04:05
This punishment was relatively uncommon—
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火刑相當少見,
04:07
reserved for unrepentant and relapsed heretics.
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特別用來懲罰不肯悔改 或故態復萌的異教徒。
04:11
Over 350 years after Queen Isabella started the Inquisition,
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伊莎貝拉女王開始宗教裁判 超過 350 年過後,
04:15
her namesake, Queen Isabella II, formally ended it on July 15th, 1834.
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與她同名的女王伊莎貝拉二世
在 1834 年 7 月 15 日 正式將其結束。
04:22
The Spanish kingdoms’ dependence on the Catholic Church had isolated them
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西班牙王國對天主教會的依靠 使他們與世隔絕,
04:25
while the rest of Europe experienced the Enlightenment
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與此同時其他歐洲國家 正經歷啟蒙運動,
04:28
and embraced the separation of church and state.
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並採納政教分離。
04:31
Historians still debate the number of people killed during the Inquisition.
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歷史學家仍在爭論 有多少人死於宗教審判。
04:35
Some suggest over 30,000 but most estimate between 1,000 and 2,000.
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有些認為超過三萬人, 但多數估計介於一到兩千之間。
04:41
The consequences of the Inquisition, however, reach far beyond fatalities.
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然而宗教審判所帶來的後果 不僅是生命的逝去,
04:46
In some places, an estimated 1/3 of prisoners were tortured.
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某些地區估計 有三分之一的囚犯受到虐待,
04:50
Hundreds of thousands of members of religious minorities
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數十萬非主流宗教的信徒 被迫離開家園,
04:54
were forced to leave their homes,
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04:56
and those who remained faced discrimination and economic hardship.
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留下來的面臨歧視和經濟困難。
05:00
Smaller inquisitions in Spanish colonial territories
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規模較小的宗教審判發生於 西班牙的美洲殖民地,
05:03
in the Americas, especially Mexico, carried their own tolls.
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尤其是在墨西哥,也造成破壞。
05:08
Friends turned in friends, neighbors accused neighbors,
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朋友供出朋友,鄰居指控鄰居,
05:12
and even family members reported each other of heresy.
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家人甚至互相舉報異端。
05:15
Under the Inquisition,
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在宗教審判之下,
05:17
people were condemned to live in fear and paranoia for centuries.
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人民被判活在恐懼和多疑中, 長達數個世紀。
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