Ugly History: The Spanish Inquisition - Kayla Wolf

譯者: 至磊Zi Le 黃Ng 審譯者: Yi-Ping Cho (Marssi)

It’s 1481.

1481 年，

In the city of Seville,

在塞維亞市，

devout Catholics are turning themselves in to the authorities.

虔誠的天主教徒正向當局自首。

They’re confessing to heresy— failure to follow the beliefs of the Catholic Church.

他們懺悔自己信奉異端邪說， 沒有依循天主教會的信仰。

But why?

為什麼？

The Spanish Inquisition has arrived in Seville.

西班牙宗教裁判所來到了塞維亞。

The Inquisition began in 1478, when Pope Sixtus IV issued a decree

宗教裁判所開始於 1478 年， 教宗西斯篤四世發布一道政令，

authorizing the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella,

准許天主教雙王，也就是 斐迪南二世和伊莎貝拉一世

to root out heresy in the Spanish kingdoms—

根除西班牙王國的異端邪說。

a confederacy of semi-independent kingdoms

該國是數個半獨立王國組成的邦聯， 位在現代西班牙的區域。

in the area that would become the modern country of Spain.

Though the order came from the church, the monarchs had requested it.

儘管命令來自教會， 但也是天主教雙王的要求。

When the Inquisition began, the Spanish kingdoms were diverse

宗教審判開始前，

西班牙王國的種族和宗教都很多元，

both ethnically and religiously,

with Jews, Muslims, and Christians living in the same regions.

猶太人、穆斯林、基督徒 居住於相同區域。

The Inquisition quickly turned its attention to ridding the region

宗教審判很快就將注意力放在 清洗人民不信奉天主教的地區。

of people who were not part of the Catholic Church.

It would last more than 350 years.

這持續了超過三百五十年。

On the ground, groups called tribunals ran the Inquisition in each region.

宗教法庭負責對各地人民 施行異端審判。

Roles on a tribunal could include

宗教法庭的成員包含

an arresting constable, a prosecuting attorney,

負責逮捕的警員、控方律師、 質問被告的判官、抄寫員。

inquisitors to question the accused, and a scribe.

A “Grand Inquisitor,” a member of the clergy selected by the king and queen,

「宗教大法官」是國王和女王 選出的神職人員，

almost always led a tribunal.

宗教法庭幾乎都由他們領導。

The Inquisition marked its arrival in each new place with an “Edict of Grace.”

宗教裁判所每到一個地方， 就會頒布《恩典敕令》。

Typically lasting 40 days,

一般會持續四十天，

the Edict of Grace promised mercy to those who confess to heresy.

宗教大法官保證會寬恕 承認信奉異端的人。

After that, the inquisitors persecuted suspected heretics

其後，調查人根據匿名指控 迫害可疑的異教徒。

on the basis of anonymous accusations.

So the confessors in Seville probably didn’t see themselves as actual heretics—

因此在塞維亞自首的人 大概不是真的異端分子，

instead, they were hedging their bets by reporting themselves

而是選擇賭一把，

趁後果不嚴重時自我舉報，

when the consequences were low,

rather than risking imprisonment or torture

以免日後被他人指控， 遭到監禁或凌虐。

if someone else accused them later on.

They were right to worry:

他們的擔憂是對的：

once the authorities arrested someone, accusations were often vague,

一旦當局逮捕某人， 指控常模糊不清，

so the accused didn’t know the reasons for their arrest

所以被指控者並不知道為何被捕， 也不知道誰指控了他。

or the identity of their accuser.

Victims were imprisoned for months or even years.

受害者會被關押幾個月，甚至數年。

Once arrested, their property was confiscated,

一旦被捕，財產會充公，

often leaving their families on the street.

經常使得家人流落街頭。

Under these conditions, victims confessed to the most mundane forms of heresy—

這種情況下，受害者會承認 犯下最輕微的異端，

like hanging linen to dry on a Saturday.

例如在星期六晾衣服。

The Inquisition targeted different subsets of the population over time.

宗教裁判所在不同時期 針對不同族群。

In 1492, at the brutal Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada’s urging,

1492 年，在殘忍的宗教大法官 托馬斯‧德‧托爾克馬達敦促之下，

the monarchs issued a decree giving Spanish Jews four months

天主教雙王頒布一道政令， 給猶太人四個月的時間，

to either convert to Christianity or leave the kingdom.

要不改信基督教，要不離開王國。

Thousands were expelled and those who stayed risked persecution.

數千人被驅逐了， 留下者則冒著被迫害的風險。

Converts to Christianity, known as conversos, weren’t even safe,

改信基督教的人稱為皈依者， 甚至連他們也不安全，

because authorities suspected them of practicing Judaism in secret.

因為當局懷疑他們 仍祕密奉行猶太教。

The hatred directed at conversos was both religious and economic,

對皈依者的仇恨源於宗教和經濟，

as conversos made up a large portion of the upper middle class.

因為皈依者占中上階層的一大部分。

The Inquisition eventually shifted its focus to the moriscos,

宗教裁判所最終將焦點 轉向摩里斯科人，

converts to Christianity from Islam.

也就是從伊斯蘭教改信基督教者。

In 1609, an edict passed forcing all moriscos to leave.

1609 年，一條法令迫使 所有摩里斯科人離開。

An estimated 300,000 left.

據估計三十萬人走了，

Those who remained became the Inquisition’s next targets.

留下來的就變成 宗教裁判所的下個目標。

The inquisitors announced the punishments of those found guilty of heresy

宗教裁判員宣布 被判異教徒的懲罰是

in public gatherings called autos de fé, or acts of faith.

在公眾集會進行信仰審判。

Hundreds of people gathered to watch the procession of sinners, mass, sermon,

數百人聚集觀看 罪人遊街示眾、彌撒、布道，

and finally the announcement of punishments.

最後是宣布處罰。

Most of the accused received punishments like imprisonment, exile,

多數被指控者受到監禁、流放，

or having to wear a sanbenito, a garment that marked them as a sinner.

或穿上聖賓尼陀服， 這種衣服上標示出他們是罪人。

The worst punishment was “relaxado en persona”—

最嚴重的刑罰稱為「親自放鬆」，

a euphemism for burning at the stake.

這是被燒死在火刑柱的委婉說法。

This punishment was relatively uncommon—

火刑相當少見，

reserved for unrepentant and relapsed heretics.

特別用來懲罰不肯悔改 或故態復萌的異教徒。

Over 350 years after Queen Isabella started the Inquisition,

伊莎貝拉女王開始宗教裁判 超過 350 年過後，

her namesake, Queen Isabella II, formally ended it on July 15th, 1834.

與她同名的女王伊莎貝拉二世

在 1834 年 7 月 15 日 正式將其結束。

The Spanish kingdoms’ dependence on the Catholic Church had isolated them

西班牙王國對天主教會的依靠 使他們與世隔絕，

while the rest of Europe experienced the Enlightenment

與此同時其他歐洲國家 正經歷啟蒙運動，

and embraced the separation of church and state.

並採納政教分離。

Historians still debate the number of people killed during the Inquisition.

歷史學家仍在爭論 有多少人死於宗教審判。

Some suggest over 30,000 but most estimate between 1,000 and 2,000.

有些認為超過三萬人， 但多數估計介於一到兩千之間。

The consequences of the Inquisition, however, reach far beyond fatalities.

然而宗教審判所帶來的後果 不僅是生命的逝去，

In some places, an estimated 1/3 of prisoners were tortured.

某些地區估計 有三分之一的囚犯受到虐待，

Hundreds of thousands of members of religious minorities

數十萬非主流宗教的信徒 被迫離開家園，

were forced to leave their homes,

and those who remained faced discrimination and economic hardship.

留下來的面臨歧視和經濟困難。

Smaller inquisitions in Spanish colonial territories

規模較小的宗教審判發生於 西班牙的美洲殖民地，

in the Americas, especially Mexico, carried their own tolls.

尤其是在墨西哥，也造成破壞。

Friends turned in friends, neighbors accused neighbors,

朋友供出朋友，鄰居指控鄰居，

and even family members reported each other of heresy.

家人甚至互相舉報異端。

Under the Inquisition,

在宗教審判之下，

people were condemned to live in fear and paranoia for centuries.

人民被判活在恐懼和多疑中， 長達數個世紀。