Ugly History: The Spanish Inquisition - Kayla Wolf

1,695,804 views ・ 2021-03-23

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: λ‚˜κ²½ κΉ€ κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
It’s 1481.
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1481λ…„, λ„μ‹œ μ„ΈλΉŒμ—μ„œ
00:08
In the city of Seville,
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00:09
devout Catholics are turning themselves in to the authorities.
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λ…μ‹€ν•œ 가톨릭 μ‹ μžλ“€μ΄ 당ꡭ에 슀슀둜λ₯Ό κ³ λ°œν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
They’re confessing to heresyβ€” failure to follow the beliefs of the Catholic Church.
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카톨릭 ꡐ회의 λ―ΏμŒμ„ λ”°λ₯΄μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 이단이라고 κ³ λ°±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
But why?
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무슨 μΌμΌκΉŒμš”?
00:20
The Spanish Inquisition has arrived in Seville.
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슀페인 이단 심문이 μ„ΈλΉŒμ— 이λ₯΄λ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
The Inquisition began in 1478, when Pope Sixtus IV issued a decree
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심문은 1478년에 μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°, ꡐ황 μ‹μŠ€νˆ¬μŠ€ 4μ„Έκ°€ μ˜μ„ λ‚΄λ €
00:29
authorizing the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella,
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카톨릭 κ΅°μ£Ό 페λ₯΄λ””λ‚œλ“œμ™€ μ΄μ‚¬λ²¨μ—κ²Œ
00:33
to root out heresy in the Spanish kingdomsβ€”
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슀페인 μ™•κ΅­μ—μ„œ 이단을 λͺ°μ•„λ‚΄κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
a confederacy of semi-independent kingdoms
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λ°˜λ…λ¦½ μ™•κ΅­λ“€μ˜ μ—°ν•©,
00:38
in the area that would become the modern country of Spain.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” ν˜„μž¬ 슀페인 μ§€μ—­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
Though the order came from the church, the monarchs had requested it.
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이 λͺ…령이 ꡐ회λ₯Ό 톡해 μ˜€κΈ°λŠ” ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ κ΅°μ£Όκ°€ μš”μ²­ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
When the Inquisition began, the Spanish kingdoms were diverse
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심문이 μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ, 슀페인 왕ꡭ은 μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€μ–‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
both ethnically and religiously,
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λ―Όμ‘±μ μœΌλ‘œλ„ μ’…κ΅μ μœΌλ‘œλ„μš”.
00:52
with Jews, Muslims, and Christians living in the same regions.
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μœ λŒ€μΈ, 무슬림, 그리고 기독ꡐ인이 같은 μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
The Inquisition quickly turned its attention to ridding the region
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κ·Έ 심문은 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ λ³€μ§ˆν–ˆκ³ 
κ·Έ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ λΉ„ 카톨릭 μ‹ μžλ“€μ„ μ«“μ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 데 μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
of people who were not part of the Catholic Church.
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01:02
It would last more than 350 years.
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이건 350λ…„ 이상 μ§€μ†λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
On the ground, groups called tribunals ran the Inquisition in each region.
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ν˜„μ§€μ—μ„  μœ„μ›νšŒλΌ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 집단이 각 μ§€μ—­λ³„λ‘œ 심문을 μ§„ν–‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
Roles on a tribunal could include
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μ‘°μ‚¬μœ„μ›νšŒμ˜ ꡬ성원은 μ²΄ν¬ν•˜λŠ” 순경, κΈ°μ†Œν•˜λŠ” 검사,
01:13
an arresting constable, a prosecuting attorney,
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01:16
inquisitors to question the accused, and a scribe.
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피고인을 μ‹¬λ¬Έν•˜λŠ” μ‹¬λ¬Έμžμ™€ μ„œκΈ°κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
A β€œGrand Inquisitor,” a member of the clergy selected by the king and queen,
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μ™•κ³Ό μ™•λΉ„κ°€ μ„±μ§μž μ€‘μ—μ„œ μ„ νƒν•œ β€˜λŒ€(ε€§)심문관’이
01:25
almost always led a tribunal.
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거의 항상 μž¬νŒμ„ μ΄λŒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
The Inquisition marked its arrival in each new place with an β€œEdict of Grace.”
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심문은 β€˜μ€μ΄μ˜ 칙령’과 ν•¨κ»˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 지역에 λ„μ°©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
Typically lasting 40 days,
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보톡 40일 정도인 β€˜μ€μ΄μ˜ 칙령’은
01:34
the Edict of Grace promised mercy to those who confess to heresy.
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이단을 κ³ λ°±ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μžλΉ„λ₯Ό λ² ν’€ 것을 μ•½μ†ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
After that, the inquisitors persecuted suspected heretics
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κ·ΈλŸ¬κ³ λ‚˜μ„œ μ‹¬λ¬Έμžλ“€μ€ μ΄λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ μ˜μ‹¬λ˜λŠ” μžλ“€μ„ κΈ°μ†Œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
on the basis of anonymous accusations.
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읡λͺ…μ˜ κ³ λ°œμ„ λ°›μ•„μ„œμš”.
01:46
So the confessors in Seville probably didn’t see themselves as actual hereticsβ€”
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ μ„ΈλΉŒμ—μ„œ μžμˆ˜ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 슀슀둜λ₯Ό μ§„μ§œ μ΄λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
instead, they were hedging their bets by reporting themselves
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λŒ€μ‹ μ— 그듀은 μœ„ν—˜μ΄ μž‘μ„ λ•Œ μžμˆ˜ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
01:54
when the consequences were low,
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μœ„ν—˜μ„ μ€„μ΄λŠ” κ±Έ νƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
rather than risking imprisonment or torture
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ λ‚˜μ€‘μ— 그듀을 κ³ λ°œν•˜μ—¬
01:59
if someone else accused them later on.
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투μ˜₯μ΄λ‚˜ 고문을 λ‹Ήν•  μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ μ—μš”.
02:01
They were right to worry:
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 걱정은 ν•©λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
once the authorities arrested someone, accusations were often vague,
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당ꡭ이 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λ₯Ό μ²΄ν¬ν•˜κ³  λ‚˜λ©΄, 고발이 λͺ¨ν˜Έν•  λ•Œκ°€ λ§Žμ•„μ„œ
02:07
so the accused didn’t know the reasons for their arrest
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피고인은 μžμ‹ μ΄ μ²΄ν¬λ‹Ήν•œ μ΄μœ λ‚˜
02:10
or the identity of their accuser.
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고발자의 신원을 μ•Œ μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
Victims were imprisoned for months or even years.
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ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ€ λͺ‡ 달, μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” λͺ‡ λ…„ κ°„ 투μ˜₯λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
Once arrested, their property was confiscated,
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ν•œλ²ˆ 체포되면 μž¬μ‚°μ„ λͺ°μˆ˜λ‹Ήν–ˆκ³ 
02:19
often leaving their families on the street.
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가쑱은 길거리에 λ‚˜μ•‰λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ λ§Žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
Under these conditions, victims confessed to the most mundane forms of heresyβ€”
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ€ κ°€μž₯ λ―Έλ―Έν•œ 이단을 κ³ λ°±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
like hanging linen to dry on a Saturday.
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ν† μš”μΌμ— 린넨을 κ±Έμ–΄ λ§λ¦¬λŠ” 것 같은 κ²ƒμ΄μš”.
02:30
The Inquisition targeted different subsets of the population over time.
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ 심문은 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œμˆ˜ 집단을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚Όμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
In 1492, at the brutal Grand Inquisitor TomΓ‘s de Torquemada’s urging,
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1492λ…„, μž”ν˜Ήν•œ λŒ€μ‹¬λ¬Έκ΄€μΈ
ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ 데 ν† λ₯΄μΌ€λ§ˆλ‹€κ°€ 촉ꡬ함에 따라
02:41
the monarchs issued a decree giving Spanish Jews four months
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왕ꡭ은 μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ— κ±°μ£Όν•˜λŠ” μœ λŒ€μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ
4κ°œμ›” μ•ˆμ— κΈ°λ…κ΅λ‘œ κ°œμ’…ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 왕ꡭ을 λ– λ‚˜λΌλŠ” 법령을 κ³΅ν‘œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
to either convert to Christianity or leave the kingdom.
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02:50
Thousands were expelled and those who stayed risked persecution.
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수천 λͺ…이 μΆ”λ°©λ˜κ³  남은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ°•ν•΄μ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ„ 무릅써야 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
Converts to Christianity, known as conversos, weren’t even safe,
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콘베λ₯΄μ†ŒλΌλŠ” 기독ꡐ κ°œμ’…μžλŠ” 심지어 μ•ˆμ „ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
because authorities suspected them of practicing Judaism in secret.
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그듀이 λͺ°λž˜ μœ λŒ€κ΅λ₯Ό λ―Ώμ§€λŠ” μ•ŠλŠ”μ§€ 당ꡭ이 μ˜μ‹¬ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
The hatred directed at conversos was both religious and economic,
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콘베λ₯΄μ†Œλ₯Ό ν–₯ν•œ μ¦μ˜€λŠ” μ’…κ΅μ μ΄λ©΄μ„œ κ²½μ œμ μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
03:10
as conversos made up a large portion of the upper middle class.
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콘베λ₯΄μ†Œκ°€ μƒμœ„ 쀑산 κ³„κΈ‰μ˜ 상당 λΆ€λΆ„μ΄μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
The Inquisition eventually shifted its focus to the moriscos,
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심문은 κ²°κ΅­ λͺ¨λ¦¬μŠ€μ½”μŠ€λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”
03:18
converts to Christianity from Islam.
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κΈ°λ…κ΅λ‘œ κ°œμ’…ν•œ 이슬람ꡐ μ‹ μžλ“€λ‘œ μ‹œμ„ μ„ λŒλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
In 1609, an edict passed forcing all moriscos to leave.
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1609λ…„, λͺ¨λ“  λͺ¨λ¦¬μŠ€μ½”μŠ€λ₯Ό κ°•μ œλ‘œ μ«“μ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 칙령이 ν†΅κ³Όλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
An estimated 300,000 left.
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μ•½ 30만 λͺ…이 λ– λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
Those who remained became the Inquisition’s next targets.
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남아 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‹¬λ¬Έμ˜ λ‹€μŒ ν‘œμ μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
The inquisitors announced the punishments of those found guilty of heresy
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μ‹¬λ¬Έμžλ“€μ€ 이단 죄λ₯Ό 지은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
03:37
in public gatherings called autos de fΓ©, or acts of faith.
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λŒ€μ€‘ μ•žμ—μ„œ μ˜€ν†  λ“œ 페, μ‹ μ•™μ˜ μ‹€μ²œμ„ μ„ κ³ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
Hundreds of people gathered to watch the procession of sinners, mass, sermon,
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수백 λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ£„μˆ˜λ“€μ˜ ν–‰λ ¬κ³Ό 예배, 섀ꡐ,
03:47
and finally the announcement of punishments.
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μ’…κ΅­μ—λŠ” 처벌 μž₯면을 보기 μœ„ν•΄ λͺ°λ €λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
Most of the accused received punishments like imprisonment, exile,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 피고인듀은 투μ˜₯, 유배,
03:54
or having to wear a sanbenito, a garment that marked them as a sinner.
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μ£„μˆ˜ 낙인이 찍힌 의볡인 μ‚°λ² λ‹ˆν† λ₯Ό μž…λŠ” λ²Œμ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
The worst punishment was β€œrelaxado en persona”—
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μ΅œμ•…μ˜ ν˜•λ²Œμ€ 리렉사도 μ—” 페λ₯΄μ†Œλ‚˜λ‘œ,
04:02
a euphemism for burning at the stake.
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ν™”ν˜•μ„ μ™„κ³‘ν•˜κ²Œ ν‘œν˜„ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
This punishment was relatively uncommonβ€”
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이 λ²Œμ€ 비ꡐ적 λ“œλ¬Όμ—ˆκ³ ,
04:07
reserved for unrepentant and relapsed heretics.
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λ‰˜μš°μΉ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ±°λ‚˜ λ‹€μ‹œ 이단죄λ₯Ό 지은 μžλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
Over 350 years after Queen Isabella started the Inquisition,
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이사벨 여왕이 심문을 μ‹œμž‘ν•œμ§€ 350년이 더 μ§€λ‚˜μ„œμ•Ό
04:15
her namesake, Queen Isabella II, formally ended it on July 15th, 1834.
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κ·Έ 이름을 λ”΄ 이사벨 2μ„Έκ°€
1834λ…„ 7μ›” 15일 심문을 κ³΅μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ μ’…λ£Œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
The Spanish kingdoms’ dependence on the Catholic Church had isolated them
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슀페인 왕ꡭ이 카톨릭 κ΅νšŒμ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•΄μ„œ 슀슀둜λ₯Ό κ³ λ¦½μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ
04:25
while the rest of Europe experienced the Enlightenment
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 유럽 지역은 계λͺ½μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κ³ 
04:28
and embraced the separation of church and state.
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κ΅νšŒμ™€ κ΅­κ°€μ˜ 뢄리λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„λ“€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
Historians still debate the number of people killed during the Inquisition.
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역사가듀은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 심문 κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ μ‚¬λ§μž 숫자λ₯Ό ν† λ‘  μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
Some suggest over 30,000 but most estimate between 1,000 and 2,000.
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λŠ” 3만 λͺ… 이상을 μ£Όμž₯ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 천 λͺ…μ—μ„œ 이천 λͺ…μœΌλ‘œ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
The consequences of the Inquisition, however, reach far beyond fatalities.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ‹¬λ¬Έμ˜ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ‚¬λ§μž 숫자 κ·Έ μ΄μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
In some places, an estimated 1/3 of prisoners were tortured.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ” 투μ˜₯자의 μ•½ 3λΆ„μ˜ 1이 κ³ λ¬Έλ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
Hundreds of thousands of members of religious minorities
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μ†Œμˆ˜ 쒅ꡐ 집단 μˆ˜μ‹­λ§Œ λͺ…은
04:54
were forced to leave their homes,
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κ°•μ œλ‘œ κ³ ν–₯을 λ– λ‚˜μ•Ό ν–ˆκ³ 
04:56
and those who remained faced discrimination and economic hardship.
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남은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 차별과 경제적 κ³ λ‚œμ„ λ§ˆμ£Όν–ˆμ£ .
05:00
Smaller inquisitions in Spanish colonial territories
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슀페인 μ‹λ―Όμ§€μ˜€λ˜ μ•„λ©”λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 더 μž‘μ€ 규λͺ¨μ˜ 심문 μ—­μ‹œ
05:03
in the Americas, especially Mexico, carried their own tolls.
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특히 λ©•μ‹œμ½”μ˜ 심문은 그만의 뢀정적인 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
Friends turned in friends, neighbors accused neighbors,
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μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ 친ꡬλ₯Ό, 이웃이 이웃을 κ³ λ°œν•˜κ³ ,
05:12
and even family members reported each other of heresy.
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μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” κ°€μ‘±λ§ˆμ € μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό μ΄λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ κ³ λ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
Under the Inquisition,
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심문 μ•„λž˜μ—μ„œ,
05:17
people were condemned to live in fear and paranoia for centuries.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 수 μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ 곡포와 κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ λΆˆμ‹  속에 μ‚΄μ•„μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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