Ugly History: The Spanish Inquisition - Kayla Wolf

1,621,768 views ใƒป 2021-03-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
Itโ€™s 1481.
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1481.
00:08
In the city of Seville,
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื”,
00:09
devout Catholics are turning themselves in to the authorities.
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ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ืžืกื’ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:13
Theyโ€™re confessing to heresyโ€” failure to follow the beliefs of the Catholic Church.
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ื”ื ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืคื™ืจื” -- ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช.
00:19
But why?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื”?
00:20
The Spanish Inquisition has arrived in Seville.
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ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื”.
00:24
The Inquisition began in 1478, when Pope Sixtus IV issued a decree
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ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘-1478, ื›ืฉื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืกื™ืงืกื˜ื•ืก ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื›ืจื–ื”
00:29
authorizing the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella,
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ืฉืื™ืฉืจื” ืœืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ ื•ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื”,
00:33
to root out heresy in the Spanish kingdomsโ€”
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ืœืชืœื•ืฉ ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช --
00:36
a confederacy of semi-independent kingdoms
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ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื”
00:38
in the area that would become the modern country of Spain.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืกืคืจื“.
00:42
Though the order came from the church, the monarchs had requested it.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืื•ืชื•.
00:46
When the Inquisition began, the Spanish kingdoms were diverse
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ื›ืฉื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื”, ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช
00:49
both ethnically and religiously,
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ื’ื ืืชื ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื“ืชื™ืช,
00:52
with Jews, Muslims, and Christians living in the same regions.
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ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื.
00:56
The Inquisition quickly turned its attention to ridding the region
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ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
00:59
of people who were not part of the Catholic Church.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช.
01:02
It would last more than 350 years.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-350 ืฉื ื”.
01:07
On the ground, groups called tribunals ran the Inquisition in each region.
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ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื”ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ.
01:12
Roles on a tribunal could include
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ
01:13
an arresting constable, a prosecuting attorney,
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ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืžืขืฆืจื™ื, ืชื•ื‘ืข,
01:16
inquisitors to question the accused, and a scribe.
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ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœืชืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“, ื•ื›ืชื‘ืŸ.
01:20
A โ€œGrand Inquisitor,โ€ a member of the clergy selected by the king and queen,
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โ€œืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœโ€œ, ื›ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื”,
01:25
almost always led a tribunal.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืœ.
01:27
The Inquisition marked its arrival in each new place with an โ€œEdict of Grace.โ€
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ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืกื™ืžื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื โ€ืฆื• ื”ื—ื ื™ื ื”โ€
01:33
Typically lasting 40 days,
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ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ 40 ื™ืžื™ื,
01:34
the Edict of Grace promised mercy to those who confess to heresy.
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ื”ืฆื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืœืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืคื™ืจื”.
01:39
After that, the inquisitors persecuted suspected heretics
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืชื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื
01:43
on the basis of anonymous accusations.
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
01:46
So the confessors in Seville probably didnโ€™t see themselves as actual hereticsโ€”
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ืื– ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืจืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช --
01:51
instead, they were hedging their bets by reporting themselves
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื
01:54
when the consequences were low,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื•ืช,
01:56
rather than risking imprisonment or torture
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ืื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
01:59
if someone else accused them later on.
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:01
They were right to worry:
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ื•ื”ื ืฆื“ืงื• ื‘ื“ืื’ืชื:
02:03
once the authorities arrested someone, accusations were often vague,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืจื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช,
02:07
so the accused didnโ€™t know the reasons for their arrest
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ืื– ื”ื ืืฉืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฆืจื
02:10
or the identity of their accuser.
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ืื• ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืฉื™ืžื™ื.
02:13
Victims were imprisoned for months or even years.
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ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื ื›ืœืื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื.
02:16
Once arrested, their property was confiscated,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืขืฆืจื•, ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื—ืจื,
02:19
often leaving their families on the street.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘.
02:22
Under these conditions, victims confessed to the most mundane forms of heresyโ€”
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืคื™ืจื” --
02:27
like hanging linen to dry on a Saturday.
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ื›ืžื• ืชืœื™ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช.
02:30
The Inquisition targeted different subsets of the population over time.
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ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ื—ืœืงื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:35
In 1492, at the brutal Grand Inquisitor Tomรกs de Torquemadaโ€™s urging,
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ื‘-1492, ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืชื•ืžื ื“ื” ื˜ื•ืจืงืžื“ื” ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™,
02:41
the monarchs issued a decree giving Spanish Jews four months
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ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืฆื• ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
02:45
to either convert to Christianity or leave the kingdom.
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ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืชื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ืื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”.
02:50
Thousands were expelled and those who stayed risked persecution.
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ืืœืคื™ื ื”ื•ื’ืœื• ื•ืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื”ืกืชื›ื ื• ื‘ืจื“ื™ืคื”.
02:55
Converts to Christianity, known as conversos, werenโ€™t even safe,
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ืžื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฉื ืงืจืื• โ€˜ืงื•ื ื‘ืจืกื•ืกโ€™, ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื,
03:00
because authorities suspected them of practicing Judaism in secret.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื“ื• ื‘ื”ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉืื™.
03:05
The hatred directed at conversos was both religious and economic,
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ื”ืฉื ืื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ืœืงื•ื ื‘ืจืกื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
03:10
as conversos made up a large portion of the upper middle class.
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื‘ืจืกื•ืก ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
03:14
The Inquisition eventually shifted its focus to the moriscos,
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ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืคื ืชื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ืกืงื•ืก,
03:18
converts to Christianity from Islam.
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ืžื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื”ืืกืœืื.
03:21
In 1609, an edict passed forcing all moriscos to leave.
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ื‘-1609, ื™ืฆื ืฆื• ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ืกืงื•ืก ืœืขื–ื•ื‘.
03:26
An estimated 300,000 left.
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ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉ-300,000 ืขื–ื‘ื•.
03:29
Those who remained became the Inquisitionโ€™s next targets.
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ืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
03:34
The inquisitors announced the punishments of those found guilty of heresy
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ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืคื™ืจื”
03:37
in public gatherings called autos de fรฉ, or acts of faith.
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ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื• โ€˜ืืื•ื˜ื•ืก ื“ื” ืคื”โ€™, ืื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื”.
03:42
Hundreds of people gathered to watch the procession of sinners, mass, sermon,
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ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืืกืคื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ืกื”, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืฉื”,
03:47
and finally the announcement of punishments.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ.
03:50
Most of the accused received punishments like imprisonment, exile,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืืฉืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขื•ื ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื™ืื”, ื’ืœื•ืช,
03:54
or having to wear a sanbenito, a garment that marked them as a sinner.
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ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ืกื ื‘ื ื™ื˜ื•, ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืกื™ืžืŸ ืื•ืชื ื›ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื.
03:59
The worst punishment was โ€œrelaxado en personaโ€โ€”
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ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” โ€œืจืœืงืกื“ื• ื“ื” ืคืจืกื•ื ื”โ€ -
04:02
a euphemism for burning at the stake.
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ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ ืœืฉืจืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืงื“.
04:05
This punishment was relatively uncommonโ€”
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ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจ --
04:07
reserved for unrepentant and relapsed heretics.
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ืฉืžื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ืœืœื ื—ืจื˜ื” ื•ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื.
04:11
Over 350 years after Queen Isabella started the Inquisition,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-350 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื” ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื ื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”,
04:15
her namesake, Queen Isabella II, formally ended it on July 15th, 1834.
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื”, ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, 1834.
04:22
The Spanish kingdomsโ€™ dependence on the Catholic Church had isolated them
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ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ืื•ืชืŸ
04:25
while the rest of Europe experienced the Enlightenment
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉืืจ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช
04:28
and embraced the separation of church and state.
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ื•ืื™ืžืฆื” ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.
04:31
Historians still debate the number of people killed during the Inquisition.
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”.
04:35
Some suggest over 30,000 but most estimate between 1,000 and 2,000.
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ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-30,000 ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 1,000 ืœ-2,000.
04:41
The consequences of the Inquisition, however, reach far beyond fatalities.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื.
04:46
In some places, an estimated 1/3 of prisoners were tortured.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ื ื•.
04:50
Hundreds of thousands of members of religious minorities
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ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื
04:54
were forced to leave their homes,
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ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื,
04:56
and those who remained faced discrimination and economic hardship.
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืืคืœื™ื” ื•ืžืงืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื.
05:00
Smaller inquisitions in Spanish colonial territories
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ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช
05:03
in the Americas, especially Mexico, carried their own tolls.
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ื’ื‘ื• ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ.
05:08
Friends turned in friends, neighbors accused neighbors,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืกื’ื™ืจื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืฉื›ื ื™ื,
05:12
and even family members reported each other of heresy.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืคื™ืจื”.
05:15
Under the Inquisition,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”,
05:17
people were condemned to live in fear and paranoia for centuries.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืคืจื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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