Inside the ant colony - Deborah M. Gordon

Unutar kolonije mrava - Debora M. Gordon (Deborah M. Gordon)

2,052,849 views ・ 2014-07-08

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
Think about all the things that need to happen
0
6525
2824
Zamislite šta sve treba da se desi
00:09
for a human settlement to thrive:
1
9349
2427
da jedno ljudsko naselje napreduje:
00:11
obtaining food,
2
11776
1398
obezbeđivanje hrane,
00:13
building shelter,
3
13174
1170
izgradnja skloništa,
00:14
raising children and more.
4
14344
2332
podizanje dece i još mnogo toga.
00:16
There needs to be a way to divide resources,
5
16676
2139
Mora da se nađe način za podelu resursa,
00:18
organize major efforts
6
18815
1727
da se organizuju glavni napori
00:20
and distribute labor efficiently.
7
20542
2569
i efikasno raspodeli rad.
00:23
Now imagine having to do this without any sort of planning
8
23111
3129
Zamislite da sve ovo mora da se uradi bez ikakvog planiranja
00:26
or higher level communication.
9
26240
2215
ili nekog višeg nivoa komunikacije.
00:28
Welcome to the ant colony.
10
28455
1812
Dobrodošli u koloniju mrava.
00:30
Ants have some of the most complex social organization
11
30267
3297
Mravi imaju jednu od najsloženijih društvenih organizacija
00:33
in the animal kingdom,
12
33564
1755
u životinjskom svetu,
00:35
living in structured colonies
13
35319
1320
živeći u uređenim kolonijama
00:36
containing different types of members
14
36639
2058
koje sadrže različite tipove članova,
00:38
who perform specific roles.
15
38697
2237
a koji imaju specifične uloge.
00:40
But although this may sound similar to some human societies,
16
40934
3192
Iako ovo liči na neke ljudske zajednice,
00:44
this organization doesn't arise from any higher level decisions,
17
44126
3840
ovo uređenje nije rezultat neke više odluke,
00:47
but is part of a biologically programmed cycle.
18
47966
3746
nego je deo biološki programiranog ciklusa.
00:51
In many species,
19
51712
1593
Kod mnogih vrsta,
00:53
all the winged males and winged virgin queens
20
53305
2910
svi krilati mužjaci i krilate ženke device
00:56
from all the nearby colonies in the population
21
56215
2735
iz svih obližnjih kolonija,
00:58
each leave from their different nests
22
58950
2303
napuštaju svoja gnezda
01:01
and meet at a central place to mate,
23
61253
2679
i sreću se na centralnom mestu zbog parenja,
01:03
using pheromones to guide each other to a breeding ground.
24
63932
3723
koristeći feromone da navedu jedni druge na mesto oplodnje.
01:07
After mating, the males die off,
25
67655
2522
Posle parenja mužjaci uginu,
01:10
while females try to establish a new colony.
26
70177
3059
dok ženke nastoje da osnuju novu koloniju.
01:13
The few that are successful settle down in a suitable spot,
27
73236
3113
Nekoliko uspešnih nasele se na odgovarajuće mesto,
01:16
lose their wings,
28
76349
1390
izgube svoja krila
01:17
and begin laying eggs,
29
77739
1920
i počinju nositi jaja,
01:19
selectively fertilizing some using stored sperm they've saved up from mating.
30
79659
5592
selektivno vršeći oplodnju koristeći uskladištenu spermu od parenja.
Oplođena jaja razvijaju se u ženke radilice
01:25
Fertilized eggs grow into female workers
31
85253
2727
01:27
who care for the queen and her eggs.
32
87980
2475
koje brinu za kraljicu i njena jaja.
01:30
They will then defend the colony
33
90455
1496
One će braniti koloniju
01:31
and forage for food,
34
91951
1701
i tražiti hranu,
01:33
while unfertilized eggs grow into males
35
93652
2872
dok se iz neoplođenih jaja razvijaju mužjaci
01:36
whose only job is to wait until they are ready to leave the nest
36
96524
3531
čiji je zadatak da spremno čekaju odlazak iz gnezda
01:40
and reproduce, beginning the cycle again.
37
100055
2797
i da se množe, čime ponovo započinju ciklus.
01:42
So how do worker ants decide what to do and when?
38
102852
3389
Kako mravi radilice odlučuju kada treba da rade nešto, i šta treba da rade?
01:46
Well, they don't really.
39
106241
1813
Zapravo, ne odlučuju.
01:48
Although they have no methods of intentional communication,
40
108054
2759
Iako ne postoje metodi namerna komunikacija među njima,
01:50
individual ants do interact with one another
41
110813
2787
pojedinačni mravi ostvaruju međusobnu interakciju
01:53
through touch, sound and chemical signals.
42
113600
3250
kroz dodir, zvuk i hemijske signale.
01:56
These stimuli accomplish many things
43
116850
2391
Ovi stimulansi postižu mnoge stvari,
01:59
from serving as an alarm to other ants if one is killed,
44
119241
3433
od toga da služe kao alarm za druge mrave ako je jedan ubijen
02:02
to signaling when a queen is nearing the end of her reproductive life.
45
122674
4104
do toga da daju signal da se kraljici bliži kraj reproduktivnog života.
02:06
But one of the most impressive collective capabilities of an ant colony
46
126778
3895
Međutim, jedna od najimpresivnijih kolektivnih sposobnosti kolonije mrava je
02:10
is to thoroughly and efficiently explore large areas
47
130673
3558
da detaljno i efikasno istraže ogromna područja
02:14
without any predetermined plan.
48
134231
2686
bez ikakvog prethodno određenog plana.
02:16
Most species of ants have little or no sense of sight
49
136917
2898
Većina vrsta mrava ima malo ili nimalo razvijeno čulo vida
02:19
and can only smell things in their vicinity.
50
139815
2798
i može da namiriše samo stvari u svojoj blizini.
02:22
Combined with their lack of high level coordination,
51
142613
2239
U kombinaciji sa nedostatkom koordinacije na višem nivou,
02:24
this would seem to make them terrible explorers,
52
144852
3172
ovo može da ostavi utisak da su loši istraživači,
ali postoji zaprepašćujuće jednostavan način
02:28
but there is an amazingly simple way
53
148024
1903
02:29
that ants maximize their searching efficiency;
54
149927
2753
na koji mravi koriste maksimum svoje istraživačke efikasnosti;
02:32
by changing their movement patterns
55
152680
1678
kroz menjanje obrazaca kretanja
02:34
based on individual interactions.
56
154358
2741
zasnovanim na individualnoj interakciji.
02:37
When two ants meet,
57
157099
1468
Kada se dva mrava sretnu,
02:38
they sense each other by touching antennae.
58
158567
2346
oni opaze jedan drugog kroz dodirivanje antena.
02:40
If there are many ants in a small area this will happen more often
59
160913
3739
Ako ima puno mrava na malom području, ovo će se dešavati češće,
02:44
causing them to respond by moving
60
164652
2046
što će uzrokovati da reaguju na to
02:46
in more convoluted, random paths in order to search more thoroughly.
61
166698
5063
kretanjem uvijenijim, nasumičnijim putevima da bi detaljnije istražili.
02:51
But in a larger area, with less ants, where such meetings happen less often,
62
171761
3996
Na širim područjima sa manje mrava, gde se takvi susreti događaju ređe,
02:55
they can walk in straight lines to cover more ground.
63
175757
3250
mogu da hodaju pravolinijski kako bi pokrili veće područje.
02:59
While exploring their environment in this way,
64
179007
2323
Dok ovako istražuje svoju okolinu,
03:01
an ant may come across any number of things,
65
181330
2549
mrav mođe da naiđe na različite stvari,
03:03
from threats or enemies, to alternate nesting sites.
66
183879
2956
od pretnji ili neprijatelja do drugih mesta za gnežđenje.
03:06
And some species have another capability known as recruitment.
67
186835
4872
Neke druge vrste imaju sposobnost poznatu kao regrutovanje.
03:11
When one of these ants happens to find food,
68
191707
2509
Kada se desi da jedan od mrava nađe hranu,
03:14
it will return with it, marking its path with a chemical scent.
69
194216
4050
vratiće se sa njom, obeležavajući put hemijskim mirisom.
03:18
Other ants will then follow this pheromone trail,
70
198266
2597
Drugi mravi će pratiti feromonski trag,
03:20
renewing it each time they manage to find food and return.
71
200863
3653
obnavljajući ga svaki put kada uspeju da nađu hranu i vrate se.
03:24
Once the food in that spot is depleted,
72
204516
2482
Kada se hrana na tom mestu istroši,
03:26
the ants stop marking their return.
73
206998
2384
mravi prestaju da obeležavaju svoj povratak.
03:29
The scent dissipates and ants are no longer attracted to that path.
74
209382
4493
Miris se raštrkava i mrave više taj put ne privlači.
03:33
These seemingly crude methods of search and retrieval
75
213875
2897
Ove naizgled banalne metode potrage i vraćanja
03:36
are, in fact, so useful that they are applied in computer models
76
216772
3882
u stvari su toliko korisne da su primenjene na kompjuterske modele
03:40
to obtain optimal solutions from decentralized elements,
77
220654
4159
da bi se dobila optimalna rešenja iz decentralizovanih elemenata,
03:44
working randomly and exchanging simple information.
78
224813
3266
kroz nasumični rad i razmenu jednostavnih informacija.
03:48
This has many theoretical and practical applications,
79
228079
3055
Ovo ima mnoge teoretske i praktične primene,
03:51
from solving the famous traveling salesman problem,
80
231134
2833
od rešavanja poznatih problema putujućih prodavaca,
03:53
to scheduling computing tasks and optimizing Internet searches,
81
233967
4210
preko zakazivanja kompjuterskih zadataka i optimiziranja internet pretraga,
03:58
to enabling groups of robots to search a minefield
82
238177
2895
do osposobljavanja grupa robota da traže minsko polje
04:01
or a burning building collectively, without any central control.
83
241072
3735
ili zgradu koja gori kolektivno, bez centralne kontrole.
04:04
But you can observe these fascinatingly simple, yet effective, processes directly
84
244807
4353
Možete da posmatrate ove fascinantno jednostavne,
ali efikasne procese direktno
04:09
through some simple experiments,
85
249160
1834
kroz neke jednostavne eksperimente,
04:10
by allowing ants to enter empty spaces of various sizes
86
250994
3723
tako što ćete pustiti mrave da uđu u prazne prostore različitih veličina
04:14
and paying attention to their behavior.
87
254717
2418
i obratiti pažnju na njihovo ponašanje.
04:17
Ants may not be able to vote, hold meetings or even make any plans,
88
257135
3891
Mravi možda neće moći da glasaju, održavaju sastanke ili prave planove,
04:21
but we humans may still be able to learn something
89
261026
2804
ali mi, ljudi, i dalje možemo da naučimo nešto
04:23
from the way that such simple creatures
90
263830
2108
iz načina na koji ta jednostavna stvorenja
04:25
are able to function so effectively in such complex ways.
91
265938
4530
funkcionišu toliko efikasno na tako komplikovane načine.
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7