Inside the ant colony - Deborah M. Gordon

Unutar kolonije mrava - Debora M. Gordon (Deborah M. Gordon)

2,056,026 views ・ 2014-07-08

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
Think about all the things that need to happen
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Zamislite šta sve treba da se desi
00:09
for a human settlement to thrive:
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da jedno ljudsko naselje napreduje:
00:11
obtaining food,
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obezbeđivanje hrane,
00:13
building shelter,
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izgradnja skloništa,
00:14
raising children and more.
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podizanje dece i još mnogo toga.
00:16
There needs to be a way to divide resources,
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Mora da se nađe način za podelu resursa,
00:18
organize major efforts
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da se organizuju glavni napori
00:20
and distribute labor efficiently.
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i efikasno raspodeli rad.
00:23
Now imagine having to do this without any sort of planning
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Zamislite da sve ovo mora da se uradi bez ikakvog planiranja
00:26
or higher level communication.
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ili nekog višeg nivoa komunikacije.
00:28
Welcome to the ant colony.
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Dobrodošli u koloniju mrava.
00:30
Ants have some of the most complex social organization
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Mravi imaju jednu od najsloženijih društvenih organizacija
00:33
in the animal kingdom,
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u životinjskom svetu,
00:35
living in structured colonies
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živeći u uređenim kolonijama
00:36
containing different types of members
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koje sadrže različite tipove članova,
00:38
who perform specific roles.
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a koji imaju specifične uloge.
00:40
But although this may sound similar to some human societies,
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Iako ovo liči na neke ljudske zajednice,
00:44
this organization doesn't arise from any higher level decisions,
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ovo uređenje nije rezultat neke više odluke,
00:47
but is part of a biologically programmed cycle.
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nego je deo biološki programiranog ciklusa.
00:51
In many species,
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Kod mnogih vrsta,
00:53
all the winged males and winged virgin queens
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svi krilati mužjaci i krilate ženke device
00:56
from all the nearby colonies in the population
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iz svih obližnjih kolonija,
00:58
each leave from their different nests
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napuštaju svoja gnezda
01:01
and meet at a central place to mate,
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i sreću se na centralnom mestu zbog parenja,
01:03
using pheromones to guide each other to a breeding ground.
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koristeći feromone da navedu jedni druge na mesto oplodnje.
01:07
After mating, the males die off,
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Posle parenja mužjaci uginu,
01:10
while females try to establish a new colony.
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dok ženke nastoje da osnuju novu koloniju.
01:13
The few that are successful settle down in a suitable spot,
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Nekoliko uspešnih nasele se na odgovarajuće mesto,
01:16
lose their wings,
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izgube svoja krila
01:17
and begin laying eggs,
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i počinju nositi jaja,
01:19
selectively fertilizing some using stored sperm they've saved up from mating.
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selektivno vršeći oplodnju koristeći uskladištenu spermu od parenja.
Oplođena jaja razvijaju se u ženke radilice
01:25
Fertilized eggs grow into female workers
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01:27
who care for the queen and her eggs.
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koje brinu za kraljicu i njena jaja.
01:30
They will then defend the colony
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One će braniti koloniju
01:31
and forage for food,
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i tražiti hranu,
01:33
while unfertilized eggs grow into males
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dok se iz neoplođenih jaja razvijaju mužjaci
01:36
whose only job is to wait until they are ready to leave the nest
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čiji je zadatak da spremno čekaju odlazak iz gnezda
01:40
and reproduce, beginning the cycle again.
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i da se množe, čime ponovo započinju ciklus.
01:42
So how do worker ants decide what to do and when?
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Kako mravi radilice odlučuju kada treba da rade nešto, i šta treba da rade?
01:46
Well, they don't really.
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Zapravo, ne odlučuju.
01:48
Although they have no methods of intentional communication,
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Iako ne postoje metodi namerna komunikacija među njima,
01:50
individual ants do interact with one another
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pojedinačni mravi ostvaruju međusobnu interakciju
01:53
through touch, sound and chemical signals.
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kroz dodir, zvuk i hemijske signale.
01:56
These stimuli accomplish many things
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Ovi stimulansi postižu mnoge stvari,
01:59
from serving as an alarm to other ants if one is killed,
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od toga da služe kao alarm za druge mrave ako je jedan ubijen
02:02
to signaling when a queen is nearing the end of her reproductive life.
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do toga da daju signal da se kraljici bliži kraj reproduktivnog života.
02:06
But one of the most impressive collective capabilities of an ant colony
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Međutim, jedna od najimpresivnijih kolektivnih sposobnosti kolonije mrava je
02:10
is to thoroughly and efficiently explore large areas
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da detaljno i efikasno istraže ogromna područja
02:14
without any predetermined plan.
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bez ikakvog prethodno određenog plana.
02:16
Most species of ants have little or no sense of sight
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Većina vrsta mrava ima malo ili nimalo razvijeno čulo vida
02:19
and can only smell things in their vicinity.
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i može da namiriše samo stvari u svojoj blizini.
02:22
Combined with their lack of high level coordination,
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U kombinaciji sa nedostatkom koordinacije na višem nivou,
02:24
this would seem to make them terrible explorers,
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ovo može da ostavi utisak da su loši istraživači,
ali postoji zaprepašćujuće jednostavan način
02:28
but there is an amazingly simple way
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02:29
that ants maximize their searching efficiency;
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na koji mravi koriste maksimum svoje istraživačke efikasnosti;
02:32
by changing their movement patterns
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kroz menjanje obrazaca kretanja
02:34
based on individual interactions.
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zasnovanim na individualnoj interakciji.
02:37
When two ants meet,
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Kada se dva mrava sretnu,
02:38
they sense each other by touching antennae.
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oni opaze jedan drugog kroz dodirivanje antena.
02:40
If there are many ants in a small area this will happen more often
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Ako ima puno mrava na malom području, ovo će se dešavati češće,
02:44
causing them to respond by moving
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što će uzrokovati da reaguju na to
02:46
in more convoluted, random paths in order to search more thoroughly.
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kretanjem uvijenijim, nasumičnijim putevima da bi detaljnije istražili.
02:51
But in a larger area, with less ants, where such meetings happen less often,
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Na širim područjima sa manje mrava, gde se takvi susreti događaju ređe,
02:55
they can walk in straight lines to cover more ground.
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mogu da hodaju pravolinijski kako bi pokrili veće područje.
02:59
While exploring their environment in this way,
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Dok ovako istražuje svoju okolinu,
03:01
an ant may come across any number of things,
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mrav mođe da naiđe na različite stvari,
03:03
from threats or enemies, to alternate nesting sites.
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od pretnji ili neprijatelja do drugih mesta za gnežđenje.
03:06
And some species have another capability known as recruitment.
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Neke druge vrste imaju sposobnost poznatu kao regrutovanje.
03:11
When one of these ants happens to find food,
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Kada se desi da jedan od mrava nađe hranu,
03:14
it will return with it, marking its path with a chemical scent.
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vratiće se sa njom, obeležavajući put hemijskim mirisom.
03:18
Other ants will then follow this pheromone trail,
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Drugi mravi će pratiti feromonski trag,
03:20
renewing it each time they manage to find food and return.
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obnavljajući ga svaki put kada uspeju da nađu hranu i vrate se.
03:24
Once the food in that spot is depleted,
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Kada se hrana na tom mestu istroši,
03:26
the ants stop marking their return.
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mravi prestaju da obeležavaju svoj povratak.
03:29
The scent dissipates and ants are no longer attracted to that path.
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Miris se raštrkava i mrave više taj put ne privlači.
03:33
These seemingly crude methods of search and retrieval
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Ove naizgled banalne metode potrage i vraćanja
03:36
are, in fact, so useful that they are applied in computer models
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u stvari su toliko korisne da su primenjene na kompjuterske modele
03:40
to obtain optimal solutions from decentralized elements,
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da bi se dobila optimalna rešenja iz decentralizovanih elemenata,
03:44
working randomly and exchanging simple information.
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kroz nasumični rad i razmenu jednostavnih informacija.
03:48
This has many theoretical and practical applications,
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Ovo ima mnoge teoretske i praktične primene,
03:51
from solving the famous traveling salesman problem,
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od rešavanja poznatih problema putujućih prodavaca,
03:53
to scheduling computing tasks and optimizing Internet searches,
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preko zakazivanja kompjuterskih zadataka i optimiziranja internet pretraga,
03:58
to enabling groups of robots to search a minefield
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do osposobljavanja grupa robota da traže minsko polje
04:01
or a burning building collectively, without any central control.
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ili zgradu koja gori kolektivno, bez centralne kontrole.
04:04
But you can observe these fascinatingly simple, yet effective, processes directly
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Možete da posmatrate ove fascinantno jednostavne,
ali efikasne procese direktno
04:09
through some simple experiments,
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kroz neke jednostavne eksperimente,
04:10
by allowing ants to enter empty spaces of various sizes
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tako što ćete pustiti mrave da uđu u prazne prostore različitih veličina
04:14
and paying attention to their behavior.
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i obratiti pažnju na njihovo ponašanje.
04:17
Ants may not be able to vote, hold meetings or even make any plans,
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Mravi možda neće moći da glasaju, održavaju sastanke ili prave planove,
04:21
but we humans may still be able to learn something
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ali mi, ljudi, i dalje možemo da naučimo nešto
04:23
from the way that such simple creatures
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iz načina na koji ta jednostavna stvorenja
04:25
are able to function so effectively in such complex ways.
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funkcionišu toliko efikasno na tako komplikovane načine.
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