Inside the ant colony - Deborah M. Gordon

2,058,854 views ใƒป 2014-07-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Think about all the things that need to happen
0
6525
2824
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช
00:09
for a human settlement to thrive:
1
9349
2427
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉื’ืฉื’:
00:11
obtaining food,
2
11776
1398
ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ื›ืœ,
00:13
building shelter,
3
13174
1170
ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืกื”,
00:14
raising children and more.
4
14344
2332
ืœื’ื“ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
00:16
There needs to be a way to divide resources,
5
16676
2139
ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
00:18
organize major efforts
6
18815
1727
ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
00:20
and distribute labor efficiently.
7
20542
2569
ื•ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
00:23
Now imagine having to do this without any sort of planning
8
23111
3129
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ
00:26
or higher level communication.
9
26240
2215
ืื• ื“ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
00:28
Welcome to the ant colony.
10
28455
1812
ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื.
00:30
Ants have some of the most complex social organization
11
30267
3297
ืœื ืžืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
00:33
in the animal kingdom,
12
33564
1755
ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
00:35
living in structured colonies
13
35319
1320
ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช
00:36
containing different types of members
14
36639
2058
ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
00:38
who perform specific roles.
15
38697
2237
ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
00:40
But although this may sound similar to some human societies,
16
40934
3192
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
00:44
this organization doesn't arise from any higher level decisions,
17
44126
3840
ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืžืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
00:47
but is part of a biologically programmed cycle.
18
47966
3746
ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
00:51
In many species,
19
51712
1593
ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื,
00:53
all the winged males and winged virgin queens
20
53305
2910
ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืคื•ืช
00:56
from all the nearby colonies in the population
21
56215
2735
ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
00:58
each leave from their different nests
22
58950
2303
ื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:01
and meet at a central place to mate,
23
61253
2679
ื•ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’,
01:03
using pheromones to guide each other to a breeding ground.
24
63932
3723
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:07
After mating, the males die off,
25
67655
2522
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช, ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื,
01:10
while females try to establish a new colony.
26
70177
3059
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
01:13
The few that are successful settle down in a suitable spot,
27
73236
3113
ื”ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื,
01:16
lose their wings,
28
76349
1390
ืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
01:17
and begin laying eggs,
29
77739
1920
ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
01:19
selectively fertilizing some using stored sperm they've saved up from mating.
30
79659
5592
ื•ืžืคืจื•ืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืจืข ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉืžืจื• ืžื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช.
01:25
Fertilized eggs grow into female workers
31
85253
2727
ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืœืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื ืงื‘ื•ืช
01:27
who care for the queen and her eggs.
32
87980
2475
ืฉืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื›ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”.
01:30
They will then defend the colony
33
90455
1496
ืื– ื”ืŸ ื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”
01:31
and forage for food,
34
91951
1701
ื•ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ,
01:33
while unfertilized eggs grow into males
35
93652
2872
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื
01:36
whose only job is to wait until they are ready to leave the nest
36
96524
3531
ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืŸ
01:40
and reproduce, beginning the cycle again.
37
100055
2797
ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
01:42
So how do worker ants decide what to do and when?
38
102852
3389
ืื– ืื™ืš ื ืžืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืชื™?
01:46
Well, they don't really.
39
106241
1813
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืœื.
01:48
Although they have no methods of intentional communication,
40
108054
2759
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช,
01:50
individual ants do interact with one another
41
110813
2787
ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
01:53
through touch, sound and chemical signals.
42
113600
3250
ื“ืจืš ืžื’ืข, ืฆืœื™ืœ ื•ืžืกืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
01:56
These stimuli accomplish many things
43
116850
2391
ื”ื’ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:59
from serving as an alarm to other ants if one is killed,
44
119241
3433
ืžืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืื–ืขืงื” ืœื ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื ืื—ืช ื ื”ืจื’ืช,
02:02
to signaling when a queen is nearing the end of her reproductive life.
45
122674
4104
ืขื“ ืœืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
02:06
But one of the most impressive collective capabilities of an ant colony
46
126778
3895
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื
02:10
is to thoroughly and efficiently explore large areas
47
130673
3558
ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
02:14
without any predetermined plan.
48
134231
2686
ื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืžืจืืฉ.
02:16
Most species of ants have little or no sense of sight
49
136917
2898
ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืฉ ืจืื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ ืื• ืœื ืงื™ื™ื
02:19
and can only smell things in their vicinity.
50
139815
2798
ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืœื”ืจื™ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืชืŸ.
02:22
Combined with their lack of high level coordination,
51
142613
2239
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
02:24
this would seem to make them terrible explorers,
52
144852
3172
ื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช,
02:28
but there is an amazingly simple way
53
148024
1903
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
02:29
that ants maximize their searching efficiency;
54
149927
2753
ืฉื ืžืœื™ื ืžืžืงืกืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช;
02:32
by changing their movement patterns
55
152680
1678
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:34
based on individual interactions.
56
154358
2741
ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
02:37
When two ants meet,
57
157099
1468
ื›ืฉืฉืชื™ ื ืžืœื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช,
02:38
they sense each other by touching antennae.
58
158567
2346
ื”ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
02:40
If there are many ants in a small area this will happen more often
59
160913
3739
ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื›ื™ืคื•ืช
02:44
causing them to respond by moving
60
164652
2046
ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”
02:46
in more convoluted, random paths in order to search more thoroughly.
61
166698
5063
ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืชืœื™ื, ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
02:51
But in a larger area, with less ants, where such meetings happen less often,
62
171761
3996
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ื, ืฉื ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื,
02:55
they can walk in straight lines to cover more ground.
63
175757
3250
ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืงื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื˜ื—.
02:59
While exploring their environment in this way,
64
179007
2323
ื‘ืขื•ื“ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•,
03:01
an ant may come across any number of things,
65
181330
2549
ื ืžืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
03:03
from threats or enemies, to alternate nesting sites.
66
183879
2956
ืžืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ื ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื.
03:06
And some species have another capability known as recruitment.
67
186835
4872
ื•ืœื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื’ื™ื•ืก.
03:11
When one of these ants happens to find food,
68
191707
2509
ื›ืฉืื—ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆืืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
03:14
it will return with it, marking its path with a chemical scent.
69
194216
4050
ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืชื•, ื•ืชืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื— ื›ื™ืžื™.
03:18
Other ants will then follow this pheromone trail,
70
198266
2597
ื ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื,
03:20
renewing it each time they manage to find food and return.
71
200863
3653
ื•ื™ื—ื“ืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
03:24
Once the food in that spot is depleted,
72
204516
2482
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื’ืžืจ,
03:26
the ants stop marking their return.
73
206998
2384
ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
03:29
The scent dissipates and ants are no longer attracted to that path.
74
209382
4493
ื”ืจื™ื— ืžืชืคื•ื’ื’ ื•ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืœื ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:33
These seemingly crude methods of search and retrieval
75
213875
2897
ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื’ืกื•ืช
03:36
are, in fact, so useful that they are applied in computer models
76
216772
3882
ื”ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
03:40
to obtain optimal solutions from decentralized elements,
77
220654
4159
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช ืžืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื™ื,
03:44
working randomly and exchanging simple information.
78
224813
3266
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:48
This has many theoretical and practical applications,
79
228079
3055
ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืชืื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื,
03:51
from solving the famous traveling salesman problem,
80
231134
2833
ืžืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช,
03:53
to scheduling computing tasks and optimizing Internet searches,
81
233967
4210
ืœืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
03:58
to enabling groups of robots to search a minefield
82
238177
2895
ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืฉื“ื” ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื
04:01
or a burning building collectively, without any central control.
83
241072
3735
ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืขืจ, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
04:04
But you can observe these fascinatingly simple, yet effective, processes directly
84
244807
4353
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืžืจืชืง ื”ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
04:09
through some simple experiments,
85
249160
1834
ื“ืจืš ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
04:10
by allowing ants to enter empty spaces of various sizes
86
250994
3723
ื‘ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืžืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื—ืœืœื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:14
and paying attention to their behavior.
87
254717
2418
ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:17
Ants may not be able to vote, hold meetings or even make any plans,
88
257135
3891
ื ืžืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข, ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ,
04:21
but we humans may still be able to learn something
89
261026
2804
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•
04:23
from the way that such simple creatures
90
263830
2108
ืžื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
04:25
are able to function so effectively in such complex ways.
91
265938
4530
ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7