The surprising reason our muscles get tired - Christian Moro

5,215,596 views ・ 2019-04-18

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović
00:06
You're lifting weights.
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Dižete tegove.
00:08
The first time feels easy,
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Prvi put deluje lako,
00:10
but each lift takes more and more effort until you can’t continue.
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ali svako sledeće podizanje zahteva sve više truda
do trenutka kada ne možete da nastavite.
00:14
Inside your arms,
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U vašim rukama,
00:16
the muscles responsible for the lifting have become unable to contract.
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mišići odgovorni za podizanje postali su nesposobni da se kontrahuju.
00:21
Why do our muscles get fatigued?
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Zašto se naši mišići umore?
00:23
We often blame lactic acid or running out of energy,
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Često krivimo mlečnu kiselinu ili ponestajanje energije,
00:26
but these factors alone don’t account for muscle fatigue.
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ali ovi činioci ne objašnjavaju umor mišića u potpunosti.
00:30
There’s another major contributor:
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Postoji još jedan faktor koji znatno doprinosi:
00:32
the muscle’s ability to respond to signals from the brain.
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sposobnost mišića da reaguje na signale iz mozga.
00:36
To understand the roots of muscle fatigue,
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Da bismo razumeli uzrok zamora mišića,
00:38
it helps to know how a muscle contracts in response to a signal from a nerve.
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pomaže nam da znamo kako se mišić kontrahuje, reagujući na signal iz nerva.
00:43
These signals travel from the brain to the muscles in a fraction of a second
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Ovi signali putuju iz mozga do mišića u deliću sekunde
00:47
via long, thin cells called motor neurons.
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preko dugih, tankih ćelija koje se nazivaju motorni neuroni.
00:51
The motor neuron and the muscle cell are separated by a tiny gap,
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Između motornog neurona i mišićnih ćelija nalazi se mali procep,
00:55
and the exchange of particles across this gap enables the contraction.
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a razmena čestica kroz ovaj procep omogućava kontrakciju.
01:00
On one side of the gap,
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Na jednoj strani procepa,
01:01
the motor neuron contains a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine.
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motorni neuron sadrži neurotransmiter koji se zove acetilholin.
01:06
On the other side,
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Sa druge strane,
01:07
charged particles, or ions,
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naelektrisane čestice ili joni
01:09
line the muscle cell’s membrane:
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nalaze se duž membrane mišićne ćelije -
01:11
potassium on the inside, and sodium on the outside.
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kalijum iznutra, a natrijum spolja.
01:16
In response to a signal from the brain,
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Kao odgovor na signal iz mozga,
01:18
the motor neuron releases acetylcholine,
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motorni neuron oslobađa acetilholin,
01:20
which triggers pores on the muscle cell membrane to open.
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što je signal da se otvore pore na membrani mišićnih ćelija.
01:24
Sodium flows in, and potassium flows out.
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Natrijum ulazi unutra, a kalijum izlazi napolje.
01:28
The flux of these charged particles is a crucial step for muscle contraction:
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Protok ovih naelektrisanih čestica je ključni korak za kontrakciju mišića -
01:33
the change in charge creates an electrical signal called an action potential
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promena naelektrisanja stvara električni signal zvani akcioni potencijal
01:38
that spreads through the muscle cell,
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koji se širi kroz mišićnu ćeliju,
01:40
stimulating the release of calcium that’s stored inside it.
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pri čemu stimuliše oslobađanje kalcijuma koji se nalazi u njoj.
01:44
This flood of calcium causes the muscle to contract
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Taj priliv kalcijuma uzrokuje kontrakciju mišića
01:47
by enabling proteins buried in the muscle fibers to lock together
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tako što omogućava proteinima ukopanim u mišićnim vlaknima
da se isprepletu i napinju jedni prema drugima,
01:51
and ratchet towards each other,
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01:53
pulling the muscle tight.
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čime grče mišić.
01:55
The energy used to power the contraction comes from a molecule called ATP.
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Energija koja se koristi za kontrakcije proističe iz molekula zvanog ATP.
02:00
ATP also helps pump the ions back across the membrane afterward,
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ATP takođe nakon toga pomaže da se joni ponovo smeste duž membrane,
02:05
resetting the balance of sodium and potassium on either side.
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čime se obnavlja ravnoteža natrijuma i kalijuma sa obe strane.
02:10
This whole process repeats every time a muscle contracts.
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Čitav ovaj proces se ponavlja svaki put kada se mišić kontrahuje.
02:13
With each contraction,
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Sa svakom kontrakcijom,
02:15
energy in the form of ATP gets used up,
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energija u obliku ATP-a se iskoristi,
02:18
waste products like lactic acid are generated,
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stvaraju se otpadni proizvodi kao što je mlečna kiselina,
02:21
and some ions drift away from the muscle’s cell membrane,
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a neki joni se udaljavaju od ćelijske membrane mišića,
02:24
leaving a smaller and smaller group behind.
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ostavljajući za sobom sve manje i manje grupe.
02:27
Though muscle cells use up ATP as they contract repeatedly,
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Mada mišićne ćelije potroše ATP dok se iznova kontrahuju,
02:31
they are always making more,
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uvek ga stvaraju još,
02:33
so most of the time
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pa u većini slučajeva
02:34
even heavily fatigued muscles still have not depleted this energy source.
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čak i veoma umorni mišići i dalje ne iscrpe ovaj izvor energije.
02:39
And though many waste products are acidic,
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Iako su mnogi otpadni proizvodi kiseli,
02:42
fatigued muscles still maintain pH within normal limits,
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umorni mišići i dalje održavaju pH unutar normalnih granica,
02:46
indicating that the tissue is effectively clearing these wastes.
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što ukazuje da tkivo efikasno čisti ove otpatke.
02:50
But eventually, over the course of repeated contractions
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Ali vremenom, tokom ponavljanih kontrakcija,
02:53
there may not be sufficient concentrations of potassium, sodium or calcium ions
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možda ne bude dovoljna koncentracija jona kalijuma, natrijuma ili kalcijuma
02:59
immediately available near the muscle cell membrane
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koji su odmah dostupni blizu membrane mišićne ćelije
03:01
to reset the system properly.
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da bi se sistem propisno obnovio.
03:04
So even if the brain sends a signal,
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Zato, čak i ako mozak pošalje signal,
03:06
the muscle cell can’t generate the action potential necessary to contract.
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mišićne ćelije ne mogu proizvesti akcioni potencijal
koji je potreban za kontrakciju.
03:11
Even when ions like sodium, potassium or calcium
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Čak i kada su joni kao što je natrijum, kalijum ili kalcijum
03:14
are depleted in or around the muscle cell,
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potrošeni u mišićnoj ćeliji ili oko nje,
03:16
these ions are plentiful elsewhere in the body.
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tih jona ima u izobilju na drugim mestima u telu.
03:19
With a little time,
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Uz malo vremena, vratiće se u područja u kojima su potrebni,
03:20
they will flow back to the areas where they’re needed,
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03:23
sometimes with the help of active sodium and potassium pumps.
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ponekad uz pomoć aktivnih pumpi natrijuma i kalijuma.
03:27
So if you pause and rest,
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Zato će se, ako pauzirate i odmorite,
03:29
muscle fatigue will subside as these ions replenish throughout the muscle.
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zamor mišića smanjiti dok se ti joni obnavljaju kroz mišić.
03:34
The more regularly you exercise,
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Što redovnije vežbate,
03:36
the longer it takes for muscle fatigue to set in each time.
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svaki put je potrebno više vremena da nastane zamor mišića.
03:39
That’s because the stronger you are,
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To je zato jer, što ste jači,
03:41
the fewer times this cycle of nerve signal from the brain
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ovaj ciklus nervnog signala iz mozga
03:44
to contraction in the muscle has to be repeated
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do kontrakcije u mišiću treba da se ponovi manje puta
03:47
to lift a certain amount of weight.
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da bi se podigla određena težina.
03:49
Fewer cycles means slower ion depletion,
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Manje ciklusa znači sporiji gubitak jona,
03:53
so as your physical fitness improves,
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pa kako se poboljšava vaša fizička sposobnost,
03:55
you can exercise for longer at the same intensity.
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možete duže vežbati istim intenzitetom.
03:59
Many muscles grow with exercise,
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Mnogi mišići rastu vežbanjem,
04:01
and larger muscles also have bigger stores of ATP
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a veći mišići takođe imaju veća skladišta ATP-a
04:05
and a higher capacity to clear waste,
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i veći kapacitet za uklanjanje otpada,
04:07
pushing fatigue even farther into the future.
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što dodatno odlaže zamor.
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