The surprising reason our muscles get tired - Christian Moro

5,232,976 views ใƒป 2019-04-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
You're lifting weights.
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ืืชื ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช.
00:08
The first time feels easy,
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ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืงืœื”,
00:10
but each lift takes more and more effort until you canโ€™t continue.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืจืžื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืžืฅ ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš.
00:14
Inside your arms,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื›ื,
00:16
the muscles responsible for the lifting have become unable to contract.
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ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืจืžื” ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
00:21
Why do our muscles get fatigued?
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ืœืžื” ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืชืขื™ื™ืคื™ื?
00:23
We often blame lactic acid or running out of energy,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืื• ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:26
but these factors alone donโ€™t account for muscle fatigue.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื ืœื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
00:30
Thereโ€™s another major contributor:
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ:
00:32
the muscleโ€™s ability to respond to signals from the brain.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ืžื”ืžื•ื—.
00:36
To understand the roots of muscle fatigue,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉืจื™ ื”ืชืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
00:38
it helps to know how a muscle contracts in response to a signal from a nerve.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืช ืžืขืฆื‘.
00:43
These signals travel from the brain to the muscles in a fraction of a second
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ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื— ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉื ื™ื”
00:47
via long, thin cells called motor neurons.
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ื“ืจืš ืชืื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”.
00:51
The motor neuron and the muscle cell are separated by a tiny gap,
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ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื–ืขื™ืจ,
00:55
and the exchange of particles across this gap enables the contraction.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช.
01:00
On one side of the gap,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื—,
01:01
the motor neuron contains a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine.
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ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื ื™ื•ืจื• ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืืฆื™ื˜ื™ืœื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ.
01:06
On the other side,
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ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
01:07
charged particles, or ions,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ื™ื•ื ื™ื,
01:09
line the muscle cellโ€™s membrane:
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ืžืฆืคื™ื ืืช ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ:
01:11
potassium on the inside, and sodium on the outside.
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ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื•ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
01:16
In response to a signal from the brain,
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืช ืžื”ืžื•ื—,
01:18
the motor neuron releases acetylcholine,
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ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืฆื™ื˜ื™ืœื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ,
01:20
which triggers pores on the muscle cell membrane to open.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืœื”ืคืชื—.
01:24
Sodium flows in, and potassium flows out.
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ื ืชืจืŸ ื–ื•ืจื ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื•ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
01:28
The flux of these charged particles is a crucial step for muscle contraction:
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ื”ืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ:
01:33
the change in charge creates an electrical signal called an action potential
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”
01:38
that spreads through the muscle cell,
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ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ,
01:40
stimulating the release of calcium thatโ€™s stored inside it.
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ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื ืื’ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
01:44
This flood of calcium causes the muscle to contract
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ื–ืจื ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉืจื™ืจ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ
01:47
by enabling proteins buried in the muscle fibers to lock together
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืคืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื—ื“
01:51
and ratchet towards each other,
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ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™,
01:53
pulling the muscle tight.
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ.
01:55
The energy used to power the contraction comes from a molecule called ATP.
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ATP.
02:00
ATP also helps pump the ions back across the membrane afterward,
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ATP ืขื•ื–ืจ ื’ื ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
02:05
resetting the balance of sodium and potassium on either side.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชืจืŸ ื•ื”ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“.
02:10
This whole process repeats every time a muscle contracts.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
02:13
With each contraction,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช,
02:15
energy in the form of ATP gets used up,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ATP ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
02:18
waste products like lactic acid are generated,
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ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื—ืœื‘ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
02:21
and some ions drift away from the muscleโ€™s cell membrane,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ,
02:24
leaving a smaller and smaller group behind.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
02:27
Though muscle cells use up ATP as they contract repeatedly,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ ATP ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:31
they are always making more,
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ื“,
02:33
so most of the time
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ืื– ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
02:34
even heavily fatigued muscles still have not depleted this energy source.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืชืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื”.
02:39
And though many waste products are acidic,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื,
02:42
fatigued muscles still maintain pH within normal limits,
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ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืชืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื,
02:46
indicating that the tissue is effectively clearing these wastes.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืงืžื” ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช.
02:50
But eventually, over the course of repeated contractions
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช
02:53
there may not be sufficient concentrations of potassium, sodium or calcium ions
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืืฉืœื’ืŸ, ื ืชืจืŸ ื•ืกื™ื“ืŸ
02:59
immediately available near the muscle cell membrane
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ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ
03:01
to reset the system properly.
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ืœืืคืก ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ.
03:04
So even if the brain sends a signal,
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื— ืื•ืช,
03:06
the muscle cell canโ€™t generate the action potential necessary to contract.
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ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช.
03:11
Even when ions like sodium, potassium or calcium
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืชืจืŸ, ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื•ืกื™ื“ืŸ
03:14
are depleted in or around the muscle cell,
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ื ื’ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชื ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ,
03:16
these ions are plentiful elsewhere in the body.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:19
With a little time,
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ืขื ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ,
03:20
they will flow back to the areas where theyโ€™re needed,
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ื”ื ื™ื–ืจืžื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื,
03:23
sometimes with the help of active sodium and potassium pumps.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื ืขื–ืจื” ืžืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ ื•ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
03:27
So if you pause and rest,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื•ื—,
03:29
muscle fatigue will subside as these ions replenish throughout the muscle.
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ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืชืคื—ืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ.
03:34
The more regularly you exercise,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:36
the longer it takes for muscle fatigue to set in each time.
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ืœื•ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
03:39
Thatโ€™s because the stronger you are,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:41
the fewer times this cycle of nerve signal from the brain
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ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขืฆื‘ ืžื”ืžื•ื—
03:44
to contraction in the muscle has to be repeated
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื
03:47
to lift a certain amount of weight.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืœ.
03:49
Fewer cycles means slower ion depletion,
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื,
03:53
so as your physical fitness improves,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉืชืคืจ,
03:55
you can exercise for longer at the same intensity.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช.
03:59
Many muscles grow with exercise,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช,
04:01
and larger muscles also have bigger stores of ATP
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ื•ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืื’ืจื™ ATP ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:05
and a higher capacity to clear waste,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช,
04:07
pushing fatigue even farther into the future.
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ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ื—ืง ืืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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