How did English evolve? - Kate Gardoqui

Kako se engleski razvio? - Kejt Garduki (Kate Gardoqui)

Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

Prevodilac: Anja Saric Lektor: Mile Živković

I am going to start with a challenge.

Hajde da počnemo izazovom.

I want you to imagine each of these two scenes

Želim da zamislite ove dve scene

in as much detail as you can.

što detaljnije možete.

Scene number one:

Scena prva:

"They gave us a hearty welcome."

„Priredili su nam toplu dobrodošlicu."

Well, who are the people who are giving a hearty welcome?

Ko su ljudi koji su priredili toplu dobrodošlicu?

What are they wearing?

Šta imaju obučeno?

What are they drinking?

Šta piju?

OK, scene two:

Ok, scena druga:

"They gave us a cordial reception."

„Priredili su nam srdačan doček."

How are these people standing?

Kako ovi ljudi stoje?

What expressions are on their faces?

Kakvi su im izrazi lica?

What are they wearing and drinking?

Kakvu odeću nose i šta piju?

Fix these pictures in your mind's eye

Zamrznite ove slike

and then jot down a sentence or two to describe them.

i opišite ih u par rečenica.

We'll come back to them later.

Kasnije ćemo se vratiti na njih.

Now on to our story.

Pređimo sada na našu priču.

In the year 400 C.E.

400. godine nove ere

the Celts in Britain were ruled by Romans.

Keltima u Britaniji vladali su Rimljani.

This had one benefit for the Celts:

Kelti su od toga imali koristi:

the Romans protected them from the barbarian Saxon tribes

Rimljani su ih štitili od varvarskih saksonskih plemena

of Northern Europe.

sa severa Evrope.

But then the Roman Empire began to crumble,

Ali onda je Rimsko carstvo počelo da se raspada

and the Romans withdrew from Britain.

i Rimljani su se povukli iz Britanije.

With the Romans gone, the Germanic tribes,

Bez Rimljana u Britaniji, germanska plemena,

the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians

Angli, Sasi, Juti i Frizi

quickly sailed across the water,

brzo su prešli okean,

did away with the Celts,

otarasilii se Kelta

and formed kingdoms in the British Isles.

i formirali kraljevstva na britanskim ostrvima.

For several centuries, these tribes lived in Britain,

Ova plemena su nekoliko vekova živela u Britaniji

and their Germanic language, Anglo Saxon,

i njihov germanski jezik, anglosaksonski,

became the common language, what we call Old English.

postao je glavni jezik, koji mi danas znamo kao staroengleski.

Although modern English speakers may think Old English sounds like a different language,

Iako govornici današnjeg engleskog smatraju da staroengleski zvuči kao skroz drugačiji jezik,

if you look and listen closely, you'll find many words that are recognizable.

ako dobro pogledate i oslušnete, videćete da su mnoge reči prepoznatljive.

For example, here is what the Lord's Prayer looks like in Old English.

Primera radi, evo kako Oče naš izgleda na staroengleskom.

At first glance, it may look unfamiliar,

Možda će izgledati nepoznato na prvi pogled,

but update the spelling a bit,

ali prilagodite ortografiju samo malo

and you'll see many common English words.

i prepoznaćete dosta današnjih engleskih reči.

So the centuries passed with Britains happily speaking Old English,

Prolazili su vekovi i Britanci su zadovoljno pričali na staroengleskom,

but in the 700's, a series of Viking invasions began,

ali u osmom veku počinje invazija Vikinga

which continued until a treaty split the island in half.

koja je trajala sve dok se ostrvo nije podelilo na dva dela.

On one side were the Saxons.

S jedne strane su bili Sasi,

On the other side were the Danes

a sa druge strane Danci

who spoke a language called Old Norse.

koji su pričali staronordijski.

As Saxons fell in love with their cute Danish neighbors

Kako su Sasi bili slabi na svoje simpatične komšije Dance,

and marriages blurred the boundaries,

brakovi su pomerili granice,

Old Norse mixed with Old English,

staronordijski je došao u kontakt sa staroengleskim

and many Old Norse words like

i mnoge staronordijske reči kao

freckle,

freckle (pega)

leg,

root,

leg (noga)

root (koren)

skin,

and want

skin (koža)

i want (želeti)

are still a part of our language.

i dalje su deo jezika.

300 years later, in 1066,

300 godina kasnije, 1066.

the Norman conquest brought war again to the British Isles.

normansko osvajanje Engleske donelo je rat na Britanska ostrva.

The Normans were Vikings who settled in France.

Normani su bili Vikinzi koji su se nastanili u Francuskoj.

They had abandoned the Viking language and culture

Napustili su vikinški jezik i kulturu

in favor of a French lifestyle,

zarad francuskog načina života,

but they still fought like Vikings.

ali su se i dalje borili kao Vikinzi.

They placed a Norman king on the English throne

Postavili su normanskog kralja na tron Engleske

and for three centuries, French was the language of the British royalty.

i tri veka francuski je bio jezik britanskog plemstva.

Society in Britain came to have two levels:

Društvo u Britaniji raslojilo se na dva sloja:

French-speaking aristocracy

aristokratiju koja je govorila francuski

and Old English-speaking peasants.

i seljaštvo koje je pričalo staroengleski.

The French also brought many Roman Catholic clergymen with them

Francuzi su takođe doveli rimo-katoličko sveštenstvo

who added Latin words to the mix.

koje je donelo latinski u mešavinu jezika.

Old English adapted and grew

Staroengleski se menjao i rastao

as thousands of words flowed in,

sa svakom od hiljada novih reči koje su se pojavile,

many having to do with government, law, and aristocracy.

mnoge u vezi sa vladom, zakonom i aristokratijom.

Words like council,

Reči kao što su council (odbor),

marriage,

sovereign,

marriage (brak),

sovereign (vladar),

govern,

govern (upravljati)

damage,

damage (šteta),

and parliament.

i parliament (parlament).

As the language expanded,

Kako se jezik širio,

English speakers quickly realized what to do

govornici engleskog ubrzo su shvatili šta treba da rade

if they wanted to sound sophisticated:

ako žele da zvuče sofisticirano:

they would use words that had come from French or Latin.

treba da koriste reči koje su poreklom francuske ili latinske.

Anglo Saxon words seemed so plain

Anglosaksonske reči delovale su obično

like the Anglo Saxon peasants who spoke them.

baš kao i anglosaksonski seljani koji su ih koristili

Let's go back to the two sentences you thought about earlier.

Hajde da se vratimo na one dve rečenice koje ste ranije smislili.

When you pictured the hearty welcome,

Kada ste zamislili toplu dobrodošlicu,

did you see an earthy scene with relatives hugging and talking loudly?

da li ste zamislili scenu u kojoj se rođaci grle i glasno govore?

Were they drinking beer?

Da li su pili pivo?

Were they wearing lumberjack shirts and jeans?

Da li su nosili karirane košulje i farmerke?

And what about the cordial reception?

A šta je sa srdačnim dočekom?

I bet you pictured a far more classy and refined crowd.

Kladim se da ste zamislili mnogo elegantniju i prefinjeniju gomilu.

Blazers and skirts,

Blejzere i suknje,

wine and caviar.

vino i kavijar.

Why is this?

Zašto je to tako?

How is it that phrases that are considered just about synonymous by the dictionary

Kako to da fraze koje u rečniku stoje kao sinonimne

can evoke such different pictures and feelings?

mogu da izazovu ovako različite mentalne slike i emocije?

"Hearty" and "welcome" are both Saxon words.

„Topla" i „dobrodošlica" su saksonske reči.

"Cordial" and "reception" come from French.

„Srdačan" i „doček" su francuske.

The connotation of nobility and authority has persisted

Konotacija uzvišenosti i autoriteta zadržala se

around words of French origin.

kod ovih reči francuskog porekla.

And the connotation of peasantry,

A konotacija seljaštva,

real people,

običnih ljudi,

salt of the Earth,

jednostavnih ljudi

has persisted around Saxon words.

zadržala se oko saksonskih reči.

Even if you never heard this history before,

Čak i ako niste čuli ovu istoriju ranije,

the memory of it persists in the feelings evoked

sećanje na nju traje kroz emocije koje se bude

by the words you speak.

rečima koje birate.

On some level, it's a story you already knew

S jedne strane, ovo je priča koju ste već znali

because whether we realize it consciously

jer bilo da svesno

or only subconsciously,

ili nesvesno uviđamo

our history lives in the words we speak and hear.

naša istorija živi kroz reči koje izgovaramo i čujemo.