How did English evolve? - Kate Gardoqui

1,375,536 views ใƒป 2012-11-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:13
I am going to start with a challenge.
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ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืืชื’ืจ.
00:16
I want you to imagine each of these two scenes
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกืฆื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
00:18
in as much detail as you can.
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ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื•.
00:21
Scene number one:
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ืกืฆื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:
00:23
"They gave us a hearty welcome."
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"ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”."
00:25
Well, who are the people who are giving a hearty welcome?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื?
00:29
What are they wearing?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื?
00:30
What are they drinking?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื?
00:33
OK, scene two:
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืกืฆื ื” ืฉื ื™ื”:
00:34
"They gave us a cordial reception."
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"ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืœื ื• ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ื ืœื‘ื‘ื™ืช."
00:37
How are these people standing?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื?
00:39
What expressions are on their faces?
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ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื?
00:41
What are they wearing and drinking?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื?
00:44
Fix these pictures in your mind's eye
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ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื›ื
00:47
and then jot down a sentence or two to describe them.
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ื•ืื– ืฉืจื‘ื˜ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืื•ืชื.
00:50
We'll come back to them later.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:52
Now on to our story.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื•.
00:55
In the year 400 C.E.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 400 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”
00:57
the Celts in Britain were ruled by Romans.
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ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื.
01:00
This had one benefit for the Celts:
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื:
01:02
the Romans protected them from the barbarian Saxon tribes
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ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื
01:06
of Northern Europe.
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ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:08
But then the Roman Empire began to crumble,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ,
01:10
and the Romans withdrew from Britain.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื ืกื•ื’ื• ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
01:13
With the Romans gone, the Germanic tribes,
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื•, ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื,
01:15
the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians
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ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื, ื”ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื, ื’'ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืคืจื™ืกื™ืื ื™ื
01:19
quickly sailed across the water,
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ืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืขืœื”,
01:21
did away with the Celts,
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ื•ื ืคืชืจื• ืžื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื,
01:22
and formed kingdoms in the British Isles.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:25
For several centuries, these tribes lived in Britain,
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ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช, ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
01:28
and their Germanic language, Anglo Saxon,
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ื•ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:31
became the common language, what we call Old English.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช, ืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”.
01:35
Although modern English speakers may think Old English sounds like a different language,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช,
01:40
if you look and listen closely, you'll find many words that are recognizable.
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื•ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชืžืฆืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:46
For example, here is what the Lord's Prayer looks like in Old English.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื ื” ืื™ืš ืฉืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืœื•ืจื“ ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”.
01:51
At first glance, it may look unfamiliar,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ,
01:53
but update the spelling a bit,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜,
01:55
and you'll see many common English words.
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ื•ืชืจืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
01:58
So the centuries passed with Britains happily speaking Old English,
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ืื– ื”ืžืื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”,
02:03
but in the 700's, a series of Viking invasions began,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช, ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื”,
02:06
which continued until a treaty split the island in half.
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ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขื“ ืฉืืžื ื” ื—ืฆืชื” ืืช ื”ืื™ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
02:11
On one side were the Saxons.
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื.
02:13
On the other side were the Danes
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื ื™ื
02:15
who spoke a language called Old Norse.
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ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืฉืคื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”.
02:18
As Saxons fell in love with their cute Danish neighbors
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ื›ืฉื”ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื”ื“ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
02:21
and marriages blurred the boundaries,
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ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
02:23
Old Norse mixed with Old English,
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ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื” ืขื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”,
02:26
and many Old Norse words like
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ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื•
02:28
freckle,
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"ืคืจืงืœ," (ื ืžืฉ)
02:29
leg,
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02:29
root,
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"ืœื’," (ืจื’ืœ)
"ืจื•ื˜," (ืฉื•ืจืฉ)
02:30
skin,
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02:30
and want
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"ืกืงื™ืŸ," (ืขื•ืจ)
ื•"ื•ื•ื ื˜" (ืจื•ืฆื”)
02:32
are still a part of our language.
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืคื”.
02:34
300 years later, in 1066,
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300 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ 1066,
02:37
the Norman conquest brought war again to the British Isles.
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ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:41
The Normans were Vikings who settled in France.
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ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืงืขื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
02:43
They had abandoned the Viking language and culture
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ื”ื ื ื˜ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ืช
02:46
in favor of a French lifestyle,
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื,
02:48
but they still fought like Vikings.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืžื• ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื.
02:51
They placed a Norman king on the English throne
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ื”ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืžืœืš ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™
02:53
and for three centuries, French was the language of the British royalty.
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ื•ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช, ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
02:58
Society in Britain came to have two levels:
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืงื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช:
03:01
French-speaking aristocracy
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช
03:03
and Old English-speaking peasants.
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”.
03:05
The French also brought many Roman Catholic clergymen with them
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ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืงืชื•ืœื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื
03:09
who added Latin words to the mix.
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ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช.
03:11
Old English adapted and grew
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื’ื“ืœื”
03:13
as thousands of words flowed in,
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ื›ืฉืืœืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื–ืจืžื• ืคื ื™ืžื”,
03:15
many having to do with government, law, and aristocracy.
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืง, ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
03:19
Words like council,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืงืื•ื ืกื™ืœ," (ืžื•ืขืฆื”)
03:20
marriage,
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03:20
sovereign,
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"ืžืจื™ืื’', " (ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื)
"ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ," (ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™)
03:21
govern,
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"ื’ื•ื‘ืจืŸ," (ืœืžืฉื•ืœ)
03:22
damage,
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"ื“ืžื’'," (ื ื–ืง)
03:23
and parliament.
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ื•"ืคืจืœืžื ื˜."
03:25
As the language expanded,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื”,
03:26
English speakers quickly realized what to do
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ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
03:28
if they wanted to sound sophisticated:
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ืื ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืฉืžืข ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื:
03:31
they would use words that had come from French or Latin.
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ื”ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืื• ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.
03:34
Anglo Saxon words seemed so plain
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื ื’ืœื• ืกืงืกื™ื•ืช ื ืจืื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช
03:36
like the Anglo Saxon peasants who spoke them.
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ื›ืžื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ืื ื’ืœื• ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ.
03:39
Let's go back to the two sentences you thought about earlier.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื.
03:43
When you pictured the hearty welcome,
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ื›ืฉื“ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืชื ืืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื”,
03:45
did you see an earthy scene with relatives hugging and talking loudly?
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ืจืื™ื ืกืฆื ื” ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ืขื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื?
03:49
Were they drinking beer?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืฉืชื• ื‘ื™ืจื”?
03:51
Were they wearing lumberjack shirts and jeans?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืœื‘ืฉื• ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื ื•ื’'ื™ื ืก?
03:54
And what about the cordial reception?
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ื•ืžื” ืขื ื”ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื™ืช?
03:56
I bet you pictured a far more classy and refined crowd.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื ืงื”ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ.
04:00
Blazers and skirts,
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ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืฆืื™ื•ืช,
04:01
wine and caviar.
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ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ืืจ.
04:03
Why is this?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื”?
04:05
How is it that phrases that are considered just about synonymous by the dictionary
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ
04:09
can evoke such different pictures and feelings?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
04:12
"Hearty" and "welcome" are both Saxon words.
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"ื”ืจื˜ืœื™" (ืœื‘ื‘ื™) ื•"ื•ื•ืœืงื" (ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื) ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:15
"Cordial" and "reception" come from French.
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"ืงื•ืจื“ื™ืืœ" (ื ืขื™ื) ื• "ืจืกืคืฉื™ื•ืŸ" (ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ื) ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.
04:18
The connotation of nobility and authority has persisted
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ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื ืฉืืจ
04:22
around words of French origin.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืฆืจืคืชื™.
04:24
And the connotation of peasantry,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ืช ื”ืขื,
04:26
real people,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
04:27
salt of the Earth,
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ืžืœื— ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:28
has persisted around Saxon words.
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ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:32
Even if you never heard this history before,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
04:35
the memory of it persists in the feelings evoked
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ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช
04:38
by the words you speak.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:41
On some level, it's a story you already knew
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืจืชื
04:44
because whether we realize it consciously
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข
04:47
or only subconsciously,
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ืื• ืจืง ื‘ืชืช ืžื•ื“ืข,
04:49
our history lives in the words we speak and hear.
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ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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