What causes heartburn? - Rusha Modi

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Bošnjak Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

Just between your chest and abdomen

Između grudi i abdomena

is where you’ll find one of the most important muscles

se nalazi jedan od najvažnijih mišića

you probably didn't know you had:

koji verovatno niste ni znali da imate:

the lower esophageal sphincter, or LES.

donji ezofagealni sfinkter, ili DES.

When functioning properly,

Pri normalnom funkcionisanju,

this ring of tissue plays a crucial role in helping us eat.

ovaj prsten mišića igra važnu ulogu u procesu jedenja.

But when the LES malfunctions,

Ali kada DES loše funkcioniše,

it becomes the main player in heartburn

postaje glavni uzrok gorušice,

--a searing, sometimes sour-tasting chest-spasm

osećaja gorenja, ponekad grčenja u grudima uz kiselinu u ustima,

that many people will experience at some point in their lives.

koji će mnogi ljudi doživeti u nekom trenutku svog života.

We know that humans have been battling heartburn

Znamo da su se ljudi borili sa gorušicom

for hundreds, if not thousands of years.

stotinama, ako ne i hiljadama godina.

But recently the incidence has risen,

Ali odskora se učestalost povećala,

making it a common stomach complaint worldwide.

čineći je čestom stomačnom tegobom širom sveta.

When the symptoms of heartburn become more more regular and intense

Kad simptomi gorušice postanu učestaliji i intenzivniji,

—such as twice a week or more--

npr. dva puta nedeljno ili češće,

it’s diagnosed as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, or GERD.

postavlja se dijagnoza gastroezofagealnog refluksa, ili GERD.

But what causes this problem,

Ali šta prouzrokuje ovaj problem,

and how can it be stopped?

i kako se on može zaustaviti?

Heartburn starts in an area called

Gorušica počinje u oblasti zvanoj

the gastroesophageal junction, where the LES resides.

gastroezofagealni spoj, gde se nalazi DES.

This smooth, muscular ring of the LES

Ovaj glatki prsten mišića DES-a

is moderated by an intricate tree of nerve roots

kontrolišu zapetljani nervni koreni

that connect to the brain, the heart, and the lungs.

koji se povezuju sa mozgom, srcem i plućima.

After food enters the stomach from the esophagus,

Nakon što hrana uđe u stomak iz jednjaka,

the muscle’s task is to stop it

zadatak ovog mišića je da zaustavi hranu

from surging back up again.

da se vrati nazad.

The LES contracts, squeezing the stomach entrance

DES se grči, stiskajući otvor želuca

and creating a high pressure zone

i stvara zonu visokog pritiska

that prevents digestive acids from seeping out.

koja sprečava želudačnu kiselinu da izađe van želuca.

But if the LES relaxes at the wrong moment or gradually weakens,

Ali ako se DES opusti u pogrešnom trenutku ili postepeno oslabi,

it becomes like a faulty, ill-fitting lid,

postaje nešto poput neispravnog, neodgovarajućeg poklopca

causing the area to depressurize.

koji prouzrokuje da se oblast oslobodi od pritiska.

That allows burning stomach acid--

To mogućava gorućoj želudačnoj kiselini,

and even chunks of food--to spurt into the

pa čak i delićima hrane, da dospeju do jednjaka,

esophagus, sometimes going as far up as the mouth.

a nekad dođu čak i do usta.

The cause of all this internal drama

Uzrok svih ovih unutrašnjih drama

has long been put down to diet.

se oduvek pripisivao načinu ishrane.

Foods like caffeine and peppermint contain

Namirnice kao što su kafa i pepermint sadrže sastojke

ingredients that may have a relaxing affect on the LES,

koji mogu da imaju opuštajući efekat na DES,

which makes it incapable of doing its job.

zbog čega nije u stanju da radi svoj posao.

Other acidic foods, like citrus and tomatoes,

Druge kisele namirnice, kao što su limun i paradajz,

can worsen irritation of the esophagus

mogu da pogoršaju iritaciju jednjaka

when they leach out with stomach acid.

kad procure zajedno sa želudačnom kiselinom.

Carbonated beverages can similarly

Gazirana pića mogu na sličan način

bubble up in the stomach,

da se nakupe u želucu,

forcing open the valve.

otvarajući zalistak na silu.

But researchers have discovered that food isn’t the only trigger.

Istraživači su otkrili da hrana nije jedini okidač.

Smoking poses a risk, because the nicotine in cigarettes relaxes the LES.

Pušenje predstavlja rizik, jer nikotin u cigaretama opušta DES.

Consuming excessive amounts of alcohol

Konzumiranje ogromne količine alkohola

may have a similar effect.

može imati sličan efekat.

Pregnant women often experience more heartburn

Trudne žene doživljavaju često više gorušica

due to the pressure of a growing baby on their stomachs.

zbog pritiska bebe koja raste na njihov želudac

and the levels of certain hormones in their bodies.

i nivoa određenih hormona u njihovom telu.

Obesity can cause hernias that disrupt

Gojaznost može prouzrokovati hernije koje ometaju

the anti-reflux barrier of the gastroesophageal junction

barijeru u gastroezofagealnom čvoru koja se bori protiv odliva

that normally protects against heartburn.

i koja obično štiti od gorušice.

Numerous medications, including those for asthma,

Brojni lekovi, uključujući one za astmu, visoki krvni pritisak,

high blood pressure, birth control, and depression

kontraceptivne pilule i lekove za depresiju

can also have unintended effects on the LES.

takođe mogu imati neplanirane efekte na DES.

An occasional bout of heartburn isn't

Povremena pojava gorušice

nije nešto zbog čega nužno treba brinuti.

necessarily something to worry about.

But, if heartburn starts happening regularly,

Ali ako gorušica počne redovno da se dešava,

it can weaken the LES muscle over time,

može da oslabi DES mišić tokom vremena,

letting more and more acid escape.

oslobađajući sve više i više kiseline.

And if it goes untreated,

I ako se ne preduzme nešto,

this can cause bigger problems.

ovo može da prouzrokuje veće probleme.

Over time, constant acid leakage from heartburn

Tokom vremena, stalno curenje kiseline zbog gorušice

may form scar tissue which narrows the

može da obrazuje ožiljak koji sužava ezofagealni kanal

esophageal tube, making it harder to swallow food.

i otežava gutanje hrane.

Ongoing reflux can also damage the cells

Neprekidan odliv takođe može da ošteti ćelije koje oblažu jednjak,

lining the esophagus--a rare condition called

što je retka bolest zvana Baretov jednjak,

Barrett’s esophagus, which can elevate

koja može da poveća rizik od ezofagealnog raka.

the risk of esophageal cancer.

Luckily, heartburn is often treatable with

Na sreću, gorušica se često može lečiti

a range of medicines that can help

nizom lekova koji mogu da pomognu

neutralize or reduce stomach acid.

da se neutrališe ili smanji želudačna kiselina.

In extreme cases, some people have surgery

U ekstremnim slučajevima, neki ljudi idu na operaciju

to tighten the LES to minimize their distress.

da zategnu DES da bi smanjili neprijatnosti.

But we can often stop heartburn

Često možemo da zaustavimo gorušicu

before it reaches that point.

pre nego što dođe do tog trenutka.

Reducing the consumption of certain foods,

Smanjenje konzumiranja određene hrane,

not smoking, and maintaining a healthy weight

prestanak pušenja i održavanje zdrave kilaže

can all dramatically reduce reflux.

može drastično smanjiti odliv kiseline.

With proper care we can help our LES’s keep

Adekvatnom negom možemo pomoći svom DES-u

the chemical fountain of our stomachs in proper order

da održi hemijsku fontanu želuca u odgovarajućem stanju

and avoid having to feel the burn.

i da izbegnemo osećaj žarenja.