What causes heartburn? - Rusha Modi

1,821,937 views ใƒป 2018-11-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Just between your chest and abdomen
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
00:09
is where youโ€™ll find one of the most important muscles
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
00:12
you probably didn't know you had:
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืขืœื™ื•:
00:14
the lower esophageal sphincter, or LES.
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ื”ืกืคื™ื ืงื˜ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื˜, ืื• LES.
00:19
When functioning properly,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื™ืŸ,
00:21
this ring of tissue plays a crucial role in helping us eat.
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ืœื˜ื‘ืขืช ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ,
00:25
But when the LES malfunctions,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืงื™ื ื”,
00:27
it becomes the main player in heartburn
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆืจื‘ืช
00:31
--a searing, sometimes sour-tasting chest-spasm
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-- ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื—ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจื‘ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ืžืจ
00:34
that many people will experience at some point in their lives.
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
00:38
We know that humans have been battling heartburn
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืฆืจื‘ืช
00:41
for hundreds, if not thousands of years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืื ืœื ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:45
But recently the incidence has risen,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื”,
00:47
making it a common stomach complaint worldwide.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
00:51
When the symptoms of heartburn become more more regular and intense
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืจื‘ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื
00:55
โ€”such as twice a week or more--
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-- ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ --
00:57
itโ€™s diagnosed as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, or GERD.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜ื™, ืื• GERD.
01:04
But what causes this problem,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:05
and how can it be stopped?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”?
01:08
Heartburn starts in an area called
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ืฆืจื‘ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื
01:10
the gastroesophageal junction, where the LES resides.
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ื”ืฆื•ืžืช ื”ืกืจืขืคืชื™ืช ื•ื•ืฉื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื ื” LES ื ืžืฆื.
01:15
This smooth, muscular ring of the LES
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ืœืงื” ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื” LES
01:18
is moderated by an intricate tree of nerve roots
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ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฅ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื
01:22
that connect to the brain, the heart, and the lungs.
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ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ืœื‘, ื•ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.
01:26
After food enters the stomach from the esophagus,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงื™ื‘ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜,
01:29
the muscleโ€™s task is to stop it
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื•
01:31
from surging back up again.
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ืœืขืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
01:35
The LES contracts, squeezing the stomach entrance
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ื” LES ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ, ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื™ื‘ื”
01:38
and creating a high pressure zone
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
01:40
that prevents digestive acids from seeping out.
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ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื–ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
01:44
But if the LES relaxes at the wrong moment or gradually weakens,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื” LES ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”,
01:49
it becomes like a faulty, ill-fitting lid,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื›ืกื” ืคื’ื•ื ื•ืœื ืžืชืื™ื,
01:53
causing the area to depressurize.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ.
01:56
That allows burning stomach acid--
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจื‘ื•ืช --
01:59
and even chunks of food--to spurt into the
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜,
02:02
esophagus, sometimes going as far up as the mouth.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืขื“ ื”ืคื”.
02:07
The cause of all this internal drama
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
02:09
has long been put down to diet.
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ืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืชื–ื•ื ื”.
02:12
Foods like caffeine and peppermint contain
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ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ื˜ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื
02:15
ingredients that may have a relaxing affect on the LES,
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ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืจืคื™ื ืืช ื” LES,
02:19
which makes it incapable of doing its job.
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ื•ืžืงืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•.
02:23
Other acidic foods, like citrus and tomatoes,
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ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:25
can worsen irritation of the esophagus
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜
02:28
when they leach out with stomach acid.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืœื—ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืขื ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ืงื™ื‘ื”.
02:31
Carbonated beverages can similarly
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ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”
02:33
bubble up in the stomach,
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ืœื‘ืขื‘ืข ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื”,
02:35
forcing open the valve.
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ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืกืชื•ื.
02:38
But researchers have discovered that food isnโ€™t the only trigger.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
02:42
Smoking poses a risk, because the nicotine in cigarettes relaxes the LES.
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ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืจืคื” ืืช ื” LES.
02:48
Consuming excessive amounts of alcohol
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ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ
02:50
may have a similar effect.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื“ื•ืžื”.
02:52
Pregnant women often experience more heartburn
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ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจื‘ืช
02:56
due to the pressure of a growing baby on their stomachs.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:59
and the levels of certain hormones in their bodies.
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ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ.
03:02
Obesity can cause hernias that disrupt
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ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืงืขื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื
03:06
the anti-reflux barrier of the gastroesophageal junction
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ืœืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืจืคืœื•ืงืก ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืžืช ื”ืกืจืขืคืชื™ืช ื•ื•ืฉื˜ื™ืช
03:09
that normally protects against heartburn.
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ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื’ื™ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืฆืจื‘ืช.
03:13
Numerous medications, including those for asthma,
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื• ืœืืกื˜ืžื”,
03:16
high blood pressure, birth control, and depression
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ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
03:19
can also have unintended effects on the LES.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื” LES.
03:24
An occasional bout of heartburn isn't
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจื‘ืช
03:27
necessarily something to worry about.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ืื’ื”.
03:29
But, if heartburn starts happening regularly,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืฆืจื‘ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
03:31
it can weaken the LES muscle over time,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ื” LES ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:34
letting more and more acid escape.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
03:37
And if it goes untreated,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช,
03:39
this can cause bigger problems.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:42
Over time, constant acid leakage from heartburn
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืฆืจื‘ืช
03:45
may form scar tissue which narrows the
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืงืžืช ืฆืœืงืช ืฉืžืฆืจื”
03:48
esophageal tube, making it harder to swallow food.
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ืืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืื•ื›ืœ.
03:51
Ongoing reflux can also damage the cells
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ืจืคืœื•ืงืก ืžืชืžืฉืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืชืื™ื
03:54
lining the esophagus--a rare condition called
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ืฉืžืฆืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜ -- ืžืฆื‘ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื
03:58
Barrettโ€™s esophagus, which can elevate
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ื•ืฉื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื ื‘ืืจื˜, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช
04:01
the risk of esophageal cancer.
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ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜.
04:04
Luckily, heartburn is often treatable with
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืฆืจื‘ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืœืจื•ื‘
04:06
a range of medicines that can help
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ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ
04:08
neutralize or reduce stomach acid.
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ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”.
04:11
In extreme cases, some people have surgery
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื—
04:14
to tighten the LES to minimize their distress.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืจ ืืช ื” LES ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื”.
04:18
But we can often stop heartburn
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืฆืจื‘ืช
04:20
before it reaches that point.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:22
Reducing the consumption of certain foods,
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ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
04:24
not smoking, and maintaining a healthy weight
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ื”ืคืกืงืช ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ืจื™ื
04:27
can all dramatically reduce reflux.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืคืœื•ืงืก.
04:31
With proper care we can help our LESโ€™s keep
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ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœ LES ืœืฉืžื•ืจ
04:34
the chemical fountain of our stomachs in proper order
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจืงื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ
04:37
and avoid having to feel the burn.
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ื•ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆืจื‘ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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