How stretching actually changes your muscles - Malachy McHugh

7,112,819 views ・ 2023-03-30

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Una Kavazović Lektor: Milenka Okuka
00:06
Here we have an athlete preparing for a game.
0
6961
2669
Ispred vas je sportista koji se sprema za meč.
00:09
They’ve put on their gear and done their warmup,
1
9714
2419
Oblači svoju opremu i zagreva se,
00:12
and now it’s time for one more routine— stretching.
2
12216
3629
a sada je vreme za još jednu rutinu - istezanje.
00:16
Typically, athletes stretch before physical activity to avoid injuries
3
16012
4463
Obično, sportisti se istežu pre fizičkih aktivnosti da bi izbegli povrede
00:20
like muscle strains and tears.
4
20475
2085
poput istegnuća ili pucanja mišića.
00:22
But does stretching actually prevent these issues?
5
22727
3045
Međutim, da li istezanje zapravo sprečava ove probleme?
00:25
And if so, how long do the benefits of stretching last?
6
25855
3754
I ako je to tačno, koliko dugo prednosti istezanja traju?
00:30
To answer these questions,
7
30276
1543
Da bismo na ovo odgovorili,
00:31
we need to know what's actually happening in the body when we stretch.
8
31819
3754
moramo znati šta se zapravo dešava u telu kada se istežemo.
00:35
There are two kinds of stretching our athlete might be doing.
9
35740
3337
Postoje dve vrste istezanja koje sportisti mogu praktikovati.
00:39
Dynamic stretches, which are controlled movements
10
39118
2628
Dinamičko istezanje, odnosno kontrolisani pokreti
00:41
that engage a range of muscles throughout the motion.
11
41746
2753
koji angažuju ceo set mišića kretanjem.
00:44
And static stretches, where the stretcher holds a position
12
44665
3129
I statičko istezanje, gde osoba zadržava položaj
00:47
to keep specific muscles at a fixed length and tension.
13
47794
3837
kako bi održala konkretne mišiće na fiksnoj dužini i napetosti.
00:51
Our athlete is currently doing a static hamstring stretch—
14
51881
3754
Naš sportista trenutno radi statičko istezanje tetive kolena—
00:55
a 30 second interval where he pulls his hamstring
15
55676
3337
u intervalima od 30 sekundi on povlači tetivu kolena
00:59
beyond its usual range of motion.
16
59013
2252
van njenih tipičnih granica kretanja.
01:01
However, while we often think of stretching a muscle
17
61390
2628
Međutim, iako često mislimo da je istezanje mišića
01:04
like stretching a rubber band,
18
64018
1960
poput istezanja gumice,
01:05
muscles are actually comprised of various tissue types,
19
65978
3671
mišići su zapravo sastavljeni od različitih tipova tkiva,
01:09
which interact to make a complex material.
20
69649
3044
koji zajedno grade kompleksan materijal.
01:12
Rubber is elastic, meaning it resists being stretched
21
72985
3462
Gumica je elastična, što znači da se opire istezanju,
01:16
and then returns to its original shape.
22
76572
2336
a zatim se vraća u svoj početni oblik.
01:19
But muscle is viscoelastic.
23
79033
2461
Međutim, mišići su viskoelastični.
01:21
This means that, in addition to those elastic qualities,
24
81661
3336
To znači da, pored tih elastičnih osobina,
01:25
muscle changes under the stress of being stretched.
25
85164
3629
mišići se menjaju pod stresom istezanja.
01:29
Let’s see this in action.
26
89168
1335
Da vidimo kako to izgleda.
01:30
At the large scale, this hamstring stretch is pulling on layers of protective tissue
27
90628
4838
U velikoj meri, ovo istezanje tetive povlači slojeve zaštitnog tkiva
01:35
surrounding the muscle fibers,
28
95466
1710
koji okružuju mišićna vlakna,
01:37
as well as the tendons that connect this muscle to nearby bones.
29
97176
4129
kao i žile koje spajaju ovaj mišić sa okolnim kostima.
01:41
These tissues contain elastic proteins like collagen and elastin,
30
101639
4963
Ova tkiva sadrže elastične proteine poput kolagena i elastina,
01:46
which allow them to slightly elongate over the duration of the stretch.
31
106602
4171
koji im omogućavaju da se malo izduže tokom trajanja tog istezanja.
01:51
At the smaller scale, these skeletal muscle fibers are comprised
32
111607
4046
U manjoj meri, ova skeletna mišićna tkiva se sastoje
01:55
of millions of sarcomeres—
33
115653
2252
od miliona sarkomera—
01:57
the smallest contracting unit of muscle tissue.
34
117989
3253
najmanjih jedinica kontrakcije mišićnog tkiva.
02:01
Sarcomere’s long, fibrous proteins can relax to elongate muscle fibers
35
121909
5172
Dugi, vlaknasti proteini sarkomera se mogu opustiti kako bi izdužili mišićna vlakna
02:07
or they can contract to shorten them—
36
127165
2711
ili se skupiti kako bi ih skratili—
02:09
pulling on tendons and protective tissue
37
129876
2419
povlačeći tetive i zaštitno tkivo
02:12
to create the force propelling our athlete’s body.
38
132295
3086
kako bi stvorili silu za pokretanje tela našeg sportiste.
02:15
And when those tissues have been stretched out,
39
135965
2419
A kada su ova tkiva istegnuta,
02:18
they retain their strength at longer lengths,
40
138384
3128
ona zadržavaju svoju snagu na duže staze,
02:21
allowing our athlete to take full advantage of his improved range of motion.
41
141596
4629
dozvoljavajući sportisti da potpuno iskoristi svoj poboljšani opseg pokreta.
02:26
Unlike a rubber band, this muscle’s resistance to stretching decreases
42
146934
4838
Za razliku od gumice, otpornost ovih mišića na istezanje se smanjuje
02:31
with each 30 second stretch,
43
151772
1877
sa svakih 30 sekundi istezanja,
02:33
allowing our athlete to continually elongate his hamstring.
44
153649
3712
omogućavajući da sportista kontinuirano izdužava svoju tetivu kolena.
02:37
And this improved flexibility likely decreases the chance
45
157820
3837
A ova poboljšana fleksibilnost verovatno smanjuje šanse
02:41
of incurring certain muscle injuries.
46
161657
2378
za nastanak određenih povreda mišića.
02:44
But due to muscle’s elastic properties,
47
164160
2461
Međutim, zbog elastičnih osobina mišića,
02:46
this effect will be gone in just 10 minutes without further activity.
48
166621
4296
ovaj efekat će nestati za samo 10 minuta bez dalje aktivnosti.
02:51
The exercise from his match should elevate his muscle’s temperature
49
171334
3753
Vežba iz njegovog meča bi trebalo da pojača temperaturu njegovih mišića
02:55
and continue elongating the muscle,
50
175087
2169
i da nastavi da izdužava mišić,
02:57
maintaining his increased flexibility throughout the game.
51
177256
3170
zadržavajući pojačanu fleksibilnost tokom same igre.
03:00
But once he gives his hamstrings a break,
52
180801
2545
Ali čim se njegova tetiva kolena odmori,
03:03
they’ll retract back to their previous state.
53
183346
2586
mišići će se vratiti u prvobitno stanje.
03:06
So if all this is just temporary,
54
186641
2002
Dakle, ako je sve ovo samo privremeno,
03:08
how can you permanently improve your flexibility?
55
188768
3003
kako onda trajno poboljšati fleksibilnost?
03:12
For skeletal muscles, improved flexibility comes from additional sarcomeres,
56
192021
4922
Za skeletalne mišiće, bolja fleksibilnost dolazi od dodatnih sarkomera,
03:17
which allow you to maintain strength at even greater lengths.
57
197026
3295
koji dopuštaju da zadržite snagu još duže.
03:20
Sarcomeres are added and subtracted to muscles
58
200529
2962
Sarkomere su dodate i uklonjene mišićima
03:23
depending on how frequently they’re used,
59
203491
2461
zavisno od toga koliko se često koriste,
03:26
so improving overall flexibility requires a comprehensive stretching regimen.
60
206077
4963
te opšte poboljšanje fleksibilnosti traži sveobuhvatan režim istezanja.
03:31
Plus, you need to stretch often— very often.
61
211374
3336
Još, morate se istezati često— jako često.
03:34
Current research suggests at least 10 minutes a day for roughly two months.
62
214961
4754
Trenutna istraživanja sugerišu bar 10 minuta dnevnog istezanja za dva meseca.
03:39
And since it's unsafe to hold any stretch for too long,
63
219840
3170
A pošto nije sigurno zadržavati bilo koju pozu istezanja predugo,
03:43
it's recommended that you break up your stretching within any given session.
64
223010
4380
preporučuje se da rasparčate vaše istezanje unutar bilo koje sesije.
03:47
Frequent stretching also makes lasting changes to your brain.
65
227723
3462
Često istezanje takođe dugoročno menja vaš mozak.
03:51
The more you stretch a muscle, the higher your pain threshold becomes,
66
231394
4379
Što više istežete mišić, to je veća vaša tolerancija bola,
03:55
allowing you to stretch further and further.
67
235898
2461
omogućujući vam da se istežete sve dalje i dalje.
03:58
Long-term improvements to your flexibility can provide
68
238985
2627
Dugoročna poboljšanja fleksibilnosti mogu doprineti
04:01
a better range of motion for your joints,
69
241612
2086
i boljem opsegu kretanja vaših zglobova,
04:03
potentially reducing your risk of muscle injury in the short and long-term.
70
243698
4337
potencijalno smanjući rizik od povrede mišića kratkoročno i dugoročno.
04:08
But it’s also possible to stretch too much,
71
248327
2378
Međutim, moguće je i previše se istegnuti
04:10
as flexible people can move their joints in potentially dangerous ways.
72
250705
4421
jer fleksibilni ljudi mogu pomerati zglobove na potencijalno opasne načine.
04:15
Stretching also isn't helpful for every kind of movement,
73
255584
3379
Istezanje takođe nije od pomoći za svaki tip pokreta,
04:18
especially those where muscle injuries aren't very common.
74
258963
3128
naročito za one gde povrede mišića nisu toliko česte.
04:22
For example, long distance running only involves a small range of motion
75
262383
4463
Na primer, trčanje isklučivo na duge staze obuhvata manji opseg pokreta
04:26
for the joints involved,
76
266846
1376
zglobova koji su aktivni,
04:28
so stretching is unlikely to prevent that sport’s most common injuries.
77
268222
4254
te nije verovatno da će istezanje sprečiti najčešće povrede tog sporta.
04:32
When it comes down to it,
78
272893
1377
Kada se sve uzme u obzir,
04:34
different lifestyles require different kinds of mobility.
79
274270
3253
različiti životni stilovi zahtevaju različite vrste pokretnosti.
04:37
And no single stretching regimen is flexible enough to fit every situation.
80
277648
4713
I nijedan režim istezanja nije dovoljno fleksibilan da odgovara svakoj situaciji.
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7