How stretching actually changes your muscles - Malachy McHugh

7,755,092 views ・ 2023-03-30

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Una Kavazović Lektor: Milenka Okuka
00:06
Here we have an athlete preparing for a game.
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Ispred vas je sportista koji se sprema za meč.
00:09
They’ve put on their gear and done their warmup,
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Oblači svoju opremu i zagreva se,
00:12
and now it’s time for one more routine— stretching.
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a sada je vreme za još jednu rutinu - istezanje.
00:16
Typically, athletes stretch before physical activity to avoid injuries
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Obično, sportisti se istežu pre fizičkih aktivnosti da bi izbegli povrede
00:20
like muscle strains and tears.
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poput istegnuća ili pucanja mišića.
00:22
But does stretching actually prevent these issues?
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Međutim, da li istezanje zapravo sprečava ove probleme?
00:25
And if so, how long do the benefits of stretching last?
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I ako je to tačno, koliko dugo prednosti istezanja traju?
00:30
To answer these questions,
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Da bismo na ovo odgovorili,
00:31
we need to know what's actually happening in the body when we stretch.
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moramo znati šta se zapravo dešava u telu kada se istežemo.
00:35
There are two kinds of stretching our athlete might be doing.
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Postoje dve vrste istezanja koje sportisti mogu praktikovati.
00:39
Dynamic stretches, which are controlled movements
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Dinamičko istezanje, odnosno kontrolisani pokreti
00:41
that engage a range of muscles throughout the motion.
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koji angažuju ceo set mišića kretanjem.
00:44
And static stretches, where the stretcher holds a position
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I statičko istezanje, gde osoba zadržava položaj
00:47
to keep specific muscles at a fixed length and tension.
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kako bi održala konkretne mišiće na fiksnoj dužini i napetosti.
00:51
Our athlete is currently doing a static hamstring stretch—
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Naš sportista trenutno radi statičko istezanje tetive kolena—
00:55
a 30 second interval where he pulls his hamstring
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u intervalima od 30 sekundi on povlači tetivu kolena
00:59
beyond its usual range of motion.
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van njenih tipičnih granica kretanja.
01:01
However, while we often think of stretching a muscle
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Međutim, iako često mislimo da je istezanje mišića
01:04
like stretching a rubber band,
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poput istezanja gumice,
01:05
muscles are actually comprised of various tissue types,
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mišići su zapravo sastavljeni od različitih tipova tkiva,
01:09
which interact to make a complex material.
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koji zajedno grade kompleksan materijal.
01:12
Rubber is elastic, meaning it resists being stretched
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Gumica je elastična, što znači da se opire istezanju,
01:16
and then returns to its original shape.
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a zatim se vraća u svoj početni oblik.
01:19
But muscle is viscoelastic.
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Međutim, mišići su viskoelastični.
01:21
This means that, in addition to those elastic qualities,
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To znači da, pored tih elastičnih osobina,
01:25
muscle changes under the stress of being stretched.
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mišići se menjaju pod stresom istezanja.
01:29
Let’s see this in action.
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Da vidimo kako to izgleda.
01:30
At the large scale, this hamstring stretch is pulling on layers of protective tissue
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U velikoj meri, ovo istezanje tetive povlači slojeve zaštitnog tkiva
01:35
surrounding the muscle fibers,
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koji okružuju mišićna vlakna,
01:37
as well as the tendons that connect this muscle to nearby bones.
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kao i žile koje spajaju ovaj mišić sa okolnim kostima.
01:41
These tissues contain elastic proteins like collagen and elastin,
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Ova tkiva sadrže elastične proteine poput kolagena i elastina,
01:46
which allow them to slightly elongate over the duration of the stretch.
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koji im omogućavaju da se malo izduže tokom trajanja tog istezanja.
01:51
At the smaller scale, these skeletal muscle fibers are comprised
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U manjoj meri, ova skeletna mišićna tkiva se sastoje
01:55
of millions of sarcomeres—
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od miliona sarkomera—
01:57
the smallest contracting unit of muscle tissue.
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najmanjih jedinica kontrakcije mišićnog tkiva.
02:01
Sarcomere’s long, fibrous proteins can relax to elongate muscle fibers
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Dugi, vlaknasti proteini sarkomera se mogu opustiti kako bi izdužili mišićna vlakna
02:07
or they can contract to shorten them—
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ili se skupiti kako bi ih skratili—
02:09
pulling on tendons and protective tissue
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povlačeći tetive i zaštitno tkivo
02:12
to create the force propelling our athlete’s body.
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kako bi stvorili silu za pokretanje tela našeg sportiste.
02:15
And when those tissues have been stretched out,
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A kada su ova tkiva istegnuta,
02:18
they retain their strength at longer lengths,
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ona zadržavaju svoju snagu na duže staze,
02:21
allowing our athlete to take full advantage of his improved range of motion.
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dozvoljavajući sportisti da potpuno iskoristi svoj poboljšani opseg pokreta.
02:26
Unlike a rubber band, this muscle’s resistance to stretching decreases
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Za razliku od gumice, otpornost ovih mišića na istezanje se smanjuje
02:31
with each 30 second stretch,
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sa svakih 30 sekundi istezanja,
02:33
allowing our athlete to continually elongate his hamstring.
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omogućavajući da sportista kontinuirano izdužava svoju tetivu kolena.
02:37
And this improved flexibility likely decreases the chance
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A ova poboljšana fleksibilnost verovatno smanjuje šanse
02:41
of incurring certain muscle injuries.
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za nastanak određenih povreda mišića.
02:44
But due to muscle’s elastic properties,
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Međutim, zbog elastičnih osobina mišića,
02:46
this effect will be gone in just 10 minutes without further activity.
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ovaj efekat će nestati za samo 10 minuta bez dalje aktivnosti.
02:51
The exercise from his match should elevate his muscle’s temperature
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Vežba iz njegovog meča bi trebalo da pojača temperaturu njegovih mišića
02:55
and continue elongating the muscle,
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i da nastavi da izdužava mišić,
02:57
maintaining his increased flexibility throughout the game.
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zadržavajući pojačanu fleksibilnost tokom same igre.
03:00
But once he gives his hamstrings a break,
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Ali čim se njegova tetiva kolena odmori,
03:03
they’ll retract back to their previous state.
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mišići će se vratiti u prvobitno stanje.
03:06
So if all this is just temporary,
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Dakle, ako je sve ovo samo privremeno,
03:08
how can you permanently improve your flexibility?
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kako onda trajno poboljšati fleksibilnost?
03:12
For skeletal muscles, improved flexibility comes from additional sarcomeres,
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Za skeletalne mišiće, bolja fleksibilnost dolazi od dodatnih sarkomera,
03:17
which allow you to maintain strength at even greater lengths.
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koji dopuštaju da zadržite snagu još duže.
03:20
Sarcomeres are added and subtracted to muscles
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Sarkomere su dodate i uklonjene mišićima
03:23
depending on how frequently they’re used,
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zavisno od toga koliko se često koriste,
03:26
so improving overall flexibility requires a comprehensive stretching regimen.
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te opšte poboljšanje fleksibilnosti traži sveobuhvatan režim istezanja.
03:31
Plus, you need to stretch often— very often.
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Još, morate se istezati često— jako često.
03:34
Current research suggests at least 10 minutes a day for roughly two months.
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Trenutna istraživanja sugerišu bar 10 minuta dnevnog istezanja za dva meseca.
03:39
And since it's unsafe to hold any stretch for too long,
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A pošto nije sigurno zadržavati bilo koju pozu istezanja predugo,
03:43
it's recommended that you break up your stretching within any given session.
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preporučuje se da rasparčate vaše istezanje unutar bilo koje sesije.
03:47
Frequent stretching also makes lasting changes to your brain.
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Često istezanje takođe dugoročno menja vaš mozak.
03:51
The more you stretch a muscle, the higher your pain threshold becomes,
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Što više istežete mišić, to je veća vaša tolerancija bola,
03:55
allowing you to stretch further and further.
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omogućujući vam da se istežete sve dalje i dalje.
03:58
Long-term improvements to your flexibility can provide
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Dugoročna poboljšanja fleksibilnosti mogu doprineti
04:01
a better range of motion for your joints,
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i boljem opsegu kretanja vaših zglobova,
04:03
potentially reducing your risk of muscle injury in the short and long-term.
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potencijalno smanjući rizik od povrede mišića kratkoročno i dugoročno.
04:08
But it’s also possible to stretch too much,
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Međutim, moguće je i previše se istegnuti
04:10
as flexible people can move their joints in potentially dangerous ways.
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jer fleksibilni ljudi mogu pomerati zglobove na potencijalno opasne načine.
04:15
Stretching also isn't helpful for every kind of movement,
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Istezanje takođe nije od pomoći za svaki tip pokreta,
04:18
especially those where muscle injuries aren't very common.
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naročito za one gde povrede mišića nisu toliko česte.
04:22
For example, long distance running only involves a small range of motion
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Na primer, trčanje isklučivo na duge staze obuhvata manji opseg pokreta
04:26
for the joints involved,
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zglobova koji su aktivni,
04:28
so stretching is unlikely to prevent that sport’s most common injuries.
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te nije verovatno da će istezanje sprečiti najčešće povrede tog sporta.
04:32
When it comes down to it,
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Kada se sve uzme u obzir,
04:34
different lifestyles require different kinds of mobility.
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različiti životni stilovi zahtevaju različite vrste pokretnosti.
04:37
And no single stretching regimen is flexible enough to fit every situation.
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I nijedan režim istezanja nije dovoljno fleksibilan da odgovara svakoj situaciji.
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