What “Machiavellian” really means - Pazit Cahlon and Alex Gendler

3,153,764 views ・ 2019-03-25

TED-Ed


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Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Kristina Radosavljević
00:07
From Shakespeare’s plays to modern TV dramas,
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Od Šekspirovih drama do savremene TV drame,
00:11
the unscrupulous schemer for whom the ends always justify the means
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beskrupulozni intrigant za koga cilj uvek opravdava sredstva
00:15
has become a familiar character type we love to hate.
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postao je poznata vrsta lika kojeg volimo da mrzimo.
00:20
So familiar, in fact, that for centuries
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Toliko je zapravo poznat, da smo vekovima
00:22
we’ve had a single word to describe such characters: Machiavellian.
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koristili jednu jedinu reč da opišemo takve likove: makijavelistički.
00:28
But is it possible that we’ve been using that word wrong this whole time?
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Ali da li je moguće da smo sve vreme pogrešno koristili tu reč?
00:33
The early 16th century statesman Niccoló Machiavelli
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Državnik iz 16. veka, Nikolo Makijaveli,
00:37
wrote many works of history, philosophy, and drama.
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napisao je mnoga dela istorije, filozofije i drame.
00:41
But his lasting notoriety comes from a brief political essay known as The Prince,
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Ali njegova dugotrajna ozloglašenost
proistekla je iz kratkog političkog eseja poznatog pod imenom Vladalac,
00:47
framed as advice to current and future monarchs.
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formulisanog kao savet sadašnjim i budućim vladarima.
00:51
Machiavelli wasn’t the first to do this–
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Makijaveli nije bio prvi koji je ovo uradio,
00:53
in fact there was an entire tradition of works known as “mirrors for princes”
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zapravo, postoji čitava tradicija dela poznatih kao „ogledala za vladare“
00:58
going back to antiquity.
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koja datiraju iz starog veka.
01:01
But unlike his predecessors,
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Ali, za razliku od svojih prethodnika,
Makijaveli nije pokušao da opiše idealnu vladu
01:03
Machiavelli didn’t try to describe an ideal government
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01:06
or exhort his audience to rule justly and virtuously.
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niti da podstakne svoje čitaoce da vladaju pravedno i časno.
01:09
Instead, he focused on the question of power–
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Umesto toga, fokusirao se na pitanje moći -
01:13
how to acquire it, and how to keep it.
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kako je steći i zadržati je.
01:16
And in the decades after it was published,
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Tokom decenija nakon svog objavljivanja,
01:18
The Prince gained a diabolical reputation.
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Vladalac je stekao đavolsku reputaciju.
01:22
During the European Wars of Religion,
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Tokom verskih ratova u Evropi,
01:24
both Catholics and Protestants blamed Machiavelli
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i katolici i protestanti su krivili Makijavelija
01:28
for inspiring acts of violence and tyranny committed by their opponents.
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za podsticanje dela nasilja i tiranije koje su činili njihovi protivnici.
01:32
By the end of the century,
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Do kraja veka,
01:34
Shakespeare was using “Machiavel” to denote an amoral opportunist,
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Šekspir je koristio reč „Makijavelijanac“ da označi nemoralnog oportunistu,
01:39
leading directly to our popular use of “Machiavellian”
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što je direktno dovelo do naše popularne upotrebe reči „makijavelistički“
01:42
as a synonym for manipulative villainy.
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kao sinonima za manipulativnu podlost.
01:45
At first glance,
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Na prvi pogled,
01:46
The Prince’s reputation as a manual for tyranny seems well-deserved.
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reputacija Vladaoca kao priručnika za tiraniju čini se zasluženom.
01:51
Throughout, Machiavelli appears entirely unconcerned with morality,
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Kroz celu knjigu, čini se da je Makijaveli potpuno nezainteresovan za moralnost,
01:57
except insofar as it’s helpful or harmful to maintaining power.
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osim ukoliko je korisna ili štetna za održavanje moći.
02:02
For instance, princes are told to consider all the atrocities necessary
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Na primer, vladarima se poručuje da uzmu u obzir sve neophodne zločine
02:06
to seize power,
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kako bi preuzeli vlast,
02:07
and to commit them in a single stroke
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i da ih izvrše jednim potezom
02:10
to ensure future stability.
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kako bi osigurali buduću stabilnost.
02:12
Attacking neighboring territories and oppressing religious minorities
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Napadanje susednih teritorija i ugnjetavanje verskih manjina
02:16
are mentioned as effective ways of occupying the public.
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se pominju kao efikasni načini za okupiranje naroda.
02:19
Regarding a prince’s personal behavior,
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Što se tiče ličnog ponašanja vladaoca,
02:22
Machiavelli advises keeping up the appearance of virtues
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Makijaveli savetuje da odaje utisak da je pun vrlina
02:25
such as honesty or generosity,
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kao što su iskrenost i darežljivost,
02:27
but being ready to abandon them as soon as one’s interests are threatened.
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ali da bude spreman da ih napusti čim mu interesi postanu ugroženi.
02:32
Most famously, he notes that for a ruler,
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I, kao najpoznatije, naveo je da je za vladara
02:35
“it is much safer to be feared than loved.”
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„mnogo sigurnije da ga se plaše nego da ga vole“.
02:38
The tract even ends with an appeal to Lorenzo de’ Medici,
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Traktat se čak završava obraćanjem Lorencu de Medičiju,
02:42
the recently installed ruler of Florence,
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nedavno postavljenom vladaru Firence,
02:44
urging him to unite the fragmented city-states of Italy under his rule.
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u kome ga poziva da ujedini rasparčane gradove-države Italije pod svojom vlašću.
02:49
Many have justified Machiavelli as motivated by unsentimental realism
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Mnogi su opravdali Makijavelija govoreći da je motivisan nesentimentalnim realizmom
02:54
and a desire for peace in an Italy torn by internal and external conflict.
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i željom za mirom u Italiji rastrzanoj unutrašnjim i spoljnim sukobima.
03:00
According to this view,
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Prema ovom mišljenju,
03:01
Machiavelli was the first to understand a difficult truth:
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Makijaveli je prvi shvatio tešku istinu:
03:05
the greater good of political stability
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veće dobro političke stabilnosti
03:07
is worth whatever unsavory tactics are needed to attain it.
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vredno je bilo koje neprijatne taktike koja je potrebna da bi se postigla.
03:12
The philosopher Isaiah Berlin suggested that rather than being amoral,
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Filozof Ajzaja Berlin je izneo pretpostavku da se, umesto amoralnosti,
03:16
The Prince hearkens back to ancient Greek morality,
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Vladalac poziva na moralnost Stare Grčke,
03:20
placing the glory of the state above the Christian ideal of individual salvation.
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stavljanje slave države iznad hrišćanskog ideala spasenja pojedinca.
03:26
But what we know about Machiavelli might not fit this picture.
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Ali ono što znamo o Makijaveliju se možda ne uklapa u ovu sliku.
03:30
The author had served in his native Florence for 14 years as a diplomat,
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Ovaj autor je 14 godina služio u svojoj rodnoj Firenci kao diplomata,
03:35
staunchly defending its elected republican government
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odlučno braneći izabranu republičku vladu
03:38
against would-be monarchs.
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od onih koji su pretendovali na vlast.
03:41
When the Medici family seized power,
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Kada je porodica Mediči preuzela vlast,
03:43
he not only lost his position,
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ne samo da je izgubio svoj položaj,
03:45
but was even tortured and banished.
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već su ga čak mučili i prognali.
03:48
With this in mind,
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Imajući to u vidu,
03:49
it’s possible to read the pamphlet he wrote from exile
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ovaj pamflet koji je napisao iz izgnanstva možemo čitati
03:52
not as a defense of princely rule,
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ne kao odbranu vladavine,
03:55
but a scathing description of how it operates.
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već kao zajedljiv opis načina na koji funkcioniše.
03:58
Indeed, Enlightenment figures like Spinoza
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Zaista, prosvetitelji kao što je Spinoza
04:01
saw it as warning free citizens
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videli su ga kao upozorenje slobodnim građanima na razne načine
04:03
of the various ways in which they can be subjugated by aspiring rulers.
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na koje ih mogu potčiniti slavoljubivi vladari.
04:08
In fact, both readings might be true.
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Zapravo, oba tumačenja bi mogla biti tačna.
04:11
Machiavelli may have written a manual for tyrannical rulers,
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Makijaveli je možda napisao priručnik za tiranske vladare,
04:15
but by sharing it, he also revealed the cards to those who would be ruled.
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ali je, podelivši ga, takođe otkrio karte onima kojima će se vladati.
04:20
In doing so,
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Na taj način,
04:21
he revolutionized political philosophy,
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izvršio je preokret u političkoj filozofiji,
04:23
laying the foundations for Hobbes and future thinkers
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postavivši osnove za Hobsa i buduće mislioce
04:27
to study human affairs based on their concrete realities
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da izučavaju ponašanje ljudi na osnovu njihove konkretne stvarnosti
04:30
rather than preconceived ideals.
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umesto unapred formiranih ideala.
04:33
Through his brutal and shocking honesty,
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Kroz svoju brutalnu i šokantnu iskrenost,
04:35
Machiavelli sought to shatter popular delusions about what power really entails.
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Makijaveli je nastojao da sruši popularne zablude
o tome šta moć zaista podrazumeva.
04:41
And as he wrote to a friend shortly before his death,
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I kao što je napisao prijatelju neposredno pre svoje smrti,
04:44
he hoped that people would “learn the way to Hell in order to flee from it."
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nadao se da će ljudi „naučiti put do pakla kako bi pobegli iz njega“.
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