What can DNA tests really tell us about our ancestry? - Prosanta Chakrabarty

1,209,941 views ・ 2020-06-09

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Bošnjak Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:07
Two sisters take the same DNA test.
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Dve sestre su uradile isti DNK test.
00:11
The results show that one sister is 10% French, the other 0%.
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Rezultati su pokazali da jedna sestra ima 10 posto francuskog porekla, a druga nula.
00:17
Both sisters share the same two parents,
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Obe sestre imaju iste roditelje,
00:20
and therefore the same set of ancestors.
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i samim tim iste pretke.
00:23
So how can one be 10% more French than the other?
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Kako onda jedna može da ima 10 posto franuskog porekla više od druge?
00:28
Tests like these rely on our DNA to answer questions about our ancestry,
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Ovakvi testovi se oslanjaju na DNK da odgovori na pitanje o našim precima,
00:34
but our DNA actually can’t tell us everything
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ali naša DNK zapravo ne može da nam kaže sve
00:37
about who we are or where we’re from.
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o tome ko smo mi ili odakle potičemo.
00:41
DNA tests are great at answering some questions,
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DNK testovi su dobri za neke odgovore,
00:45
like who your parents are, but can provide baffling results to others,
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npr. ko su vaši roditelji, ali nekima može i da pokaže zbunjujuće rezultate,
00:50
like whether you have ancestors from a particular region.
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npr. da li imate pretke sa određenog područja.
00:54
To understand why, it helps to know where our DNA comes from in the first place.
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Da bismo razumeli zašto, dobro je da znamo prvenstveno odakle potiče naša DNK.
01:00
Each person’s DNA consists of about 6 billion base pairs
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DNK svake osobe se sastoji od šest milijardi osnovnih parova
01:05
stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes— 46 total.
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uskladištenih u 23 para hromozoma, 46 ukupno.
01:11
That may seem like a dizzying amount of information,
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Ova informacija može da zvuči zbunjujuće,
01:14
but 99% of our genome is shared among all humans.
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ali 99 posto našeg genoma je isto među svim ljudima.
01:19
The remaining 1% contains everything distinct about an individual’s ancestry.
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Onaj 1 posto sadrži sve različitosti o poreklu individue.
01:26
Commercial DNA tests utilize less than 1% of that 1%.
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Komercijalni DNK testovi upotrebljavaju manje od jedan posto tog jednog procenta.
01:34
One chromosome in each pair comes from each parent.
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Jedan hromozom u svakom paru potiče od jednog roditelja.
01:38
These halves join at conception: when a sperm and egg,
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Ove polovine se spajaju pri začeću, kada se spermatozoid i jajna ćelija spoje,
01:42
each with only 23 chromosomes, combine.
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svaki sa samo 23 hromozoma.
01:46
The story of our ancestry becomes muddled before conception.
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Priče naših predaka zamršavaju se pre začeća.
01:51
That’s because the 23 chromosomes in a sperm or egg
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To je zbog toga što 23 hromozoma u spermatozoidu ili jajnoj ćeliji
01:56
aren’t identical to the chromosomes of every other cell in the body.
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nisu identični hromozomima drugih ćelija u telu.
02:01
As they go from a cell with 46 chromosomes to a sex cell with only 23,
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Nastaju od ćelija sa 46 hromozoma stvarajući polnu ćeliju sa samo 23,
02:06
the chromosomes within each pair swap some sections.
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hromozomi unutar svakog para razmenjuju neke delove.
02:11
This process is called recombination, and it means that every sperm or egg
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Ovaj proces se zove rekombinacija, i znači da spermatozidi i jajne ćelije
02:17
contains single chromosomes that are a unique mash up of each pair.
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sadrže pojedinačne hromozome koji su jedinstvena mešavina svakog para.
02:23
Recombination occurs uniquely in each sex cell—
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Rekombinacija se dešava jedinstveno u svakoj polnoj ćeliji,
02:28
making two sisters’ chromosomes different not only from their parents’,
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čineći dva sestrinska hromozoma drugačijim ne samo od roditeljskih,
02:33
but from each other’s.
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već jedan od drugog.
02:35
Recombination happens before conception,
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Rekombinacija se dešava pre začeća,
02:39
so you get exactly half of your DNA from each parent,
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tako da se dobija tačno polovina DNK od svakog roditelja,
02:44
but going further back things get more complicated.
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ali ako se ide još unazad stvari postaju komplikovanije.
02:48
Without recombination, you would get 1/4 from each grandparent,
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Bez rekombinacije, imali biste 1/4 od svake bake i deke,
02:53
1/8 from each great-grandparent, and so on,
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1/8 od svake prababe i pradede, i tako dalje,
02:57
but because recombination happens every generation, those numbers vary.
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ali zbog toga što se rekombinacija dešava svake generacije, ovi brojevi variraju.
03:02
The more generations removed an ancestor is,
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Što je više predak generacijski udaljen,
03:06
the more likely they won’t be represented in your DNA at all.
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verovatnije je da neće biti predstavljen uopšte u vašoj DNK.
03:11
For example, without recombination,
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Na primer, bez rekombinacije,
03:14
just 1/64 of your DNA would come from each ancestor six generations back.
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samo 1/64 vaše DNK potiče od svakog pretka šestog kolena.
03:22
Because of recombination, that number can be higher,
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Zbog rekombinacije, taj broj može biti veći,
03:25
though we don’t know for sure how high— or it can as low as 0.
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iako ne znamo zasigurno koliko veći, a može biti i manji, čak i nula.
03:32
So one sister isn’t more French
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Dakle jedna sestra nije više Francuskinja
03:34
in the sense of having more ancestors from France.
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u smislu da ima više predaka iz Francuske.
03:38
Instead, the French ancestors are simply more represented in her DNA.
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Nego su zapravo francuski preci više predstavljeni u njenoj DNK.
03:45
But the story doesn’t end there.
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Ali priča se ne završava ovde.
03:48
Tests don’t trace the DNA of the sisters' actual French ancestors—
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Testovi ne prate DNK francuskih predaka sestara,
03:53
we don’t have access to the genomes of deceased individuals
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nemamo pristup genomima preminulih individua
03:57
from previous generations.
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iz prethodnih generacija.
03:59
Instead, these results are based on a comparison
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Umesto toga, ovi rezultati zasnovani su na komparaciji
04:03
to the DNA of people living in France today.
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DNK ljudi koji žive u Francuskoj danas.
04:07
The tests look for genetic markers, or combinations of genetic markers.
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Testovi traže genetske markere, ili kombinacije genetskih markera.
04:13
These markers are short sequences that appear in specific places.
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Ovi markeri su kratke sekvence koje se pojavljuju na određenim mestima.
04:19
The sister deemed "more French" shares genetic markers
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Sestra koja se smatra da je "više Francuskinja"
ima neke genetske markere kao ljudi koji trenutno žive u Francuskoj.
04:23
with people currently living in France.
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04:26
The assumption is that these shared markers indicate ancestors
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Pretpostavka je da ovi deljeni markeri ukazuju na pretke
04:31
from the same place: France.
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iz istog mesta, Francuske.
04:34
It’s important to note that results are based on people
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Važno je istaći da su rezultati zasnovani na ljudima
04:38
who’ve had their genomes sequenced—
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koji su mapirali svoje genome,
04:40
80-90% of which are of European descent.
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od kojih je 80-90 posto evropskog porekla.
04:45
Many indigenous peoples are barely represented, if at all.
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Mnogi autohtoni ljudi jedva da su zastupljeni, ako su uopšte.
04:49
The test won’t reveal heritage from people not represented in the database,
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Test neće otkriti nasledstvo ljudi koji nisu predstavljeni u bazi podataka,
04:55
and shouldn’t be used to prove race or ethnicity.
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i ne bi trebalo da se koristi za otkrivanje rase ili nacionalnosti.
05:00
And as more people get sequenced, your results might change.
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I što više ljudi mapira svoje genome, vaši rezultati će se menjati.
05:05
Looking further back, you may get a result like 2% Neanderthal.
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Gledajući unazad, možete dobiti rezultat koji kaže da ste dva posto neandertalac.
05:10
Though Neanderthals were a separate species from humans,
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Iako su neandertalci bili zasebna rasa,
05:14
that 2% doesn’t come out of the 99% of our genome shared among all humans,
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tih dva posto ne proizilazi iz 99 posto naših genoma koje dele svi ljudi,
05:21
but the 1% that varies.
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već iz tog jednog posto koji varira.
05:24
That’s because about 40,000 years ago,
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To je zato što pre oko 40.000 godina,
05:27
certain human populations interbred with Neanderthals,
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određene populacije ljudi su se ukrštale sa neandertalcima,
05:31
meaning some people alive today have Neanderthal ancestors.
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što znači da neki ljudi danas imaju pretke neandertalce.
05:36
Many Neanderthal ancestors, in fact:
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Mnogo neandertalskih predaka; u stvari:
05:40
there are so many generations in 40,000 years
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postoji puno generacija u tih 40.000 godina
05:43
that a single Neanderthal’s genetic contribution would be untraceable.
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da bi se jednom genetičkom doprinosu neandertalaca ušlo u trag.
05:48
You can be both 100% French and 2% Neanderthal—
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Možete biti i 100 posto Francuz i dva posto neandertalac -
05:53
though both come from the 1% of DNA that makes us different,
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iako oba porekla potiču od jednog procenta DNK koji nas čini različitim,
05:58
they’re accounting for different things.
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uzimaju u obzir različite stvari.
06:02
Looking for traces of our ancestry in our DNA gets complicated very quickly.
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Ulaženje u trag našeg porekla u našoj DNK se brzo zakomplikuje.
06:09
Both the way we inherit DNA and the information available for testing
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I način na koji nasleđujemo DNK i informacije dostupne za testiranje
06:13
makes it difficult to say certain things with 100% certainty.
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otežavaju iznošenje određenih stavova sa stopostotnom sigurnošću.
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