What can DNA tests really tell us about our ancestry? - Prosanta Chakrabarty

1,139,592 views

2020-06-09 ใƒป TED-Ed


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What can DNA tests really tell us about our ancestry? - Prosanta Chakrabarty

1,139,592 views ใƒป 2020-06-09

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
์ž๋งค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:07
Two sisters take the same DNA test.
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00:11
The results show that one sister is 10% French, the other 0%.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ 10% ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ์ด๊ณ 
๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ 0%๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
Both sisters share the same two parents,
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๋‘ ์ž๋งค๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
00:20
and therefore the same set of ancestors.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์กฐ์ƒ๋„ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
So how can one be 10% more French than the other?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด 10% ๋” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:28
Tests like these rely on our DNA to answer questions about our ancestry,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
but our DNA actually canโ€™t tell us everything
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ด๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜ˆํ†ต์„ ์ง€๋…”๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
00:37
about who we are or where weโ€™re from.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
DNA tests are great at answering some questions,
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์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:45
like who your parents are, but can provide baffling results to others,
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์นœ์ž ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์š”.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
00:50
like whether you have ancestors from a particular region.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
To understand why, it helps to know where our DNA comes from in the first place.
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์• ์ดˆ์— ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ๊ธฐ์›ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
Each personโ€™s DNA consists of about 6 billion base pairs
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์—๋Š” ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์ด ์•ฝ 60์–ต ๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
stored in 23 pairs of chromosomesโ€” 46 total.
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์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด 23์Œ, 46๊ฐœ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:11
That may seem like a dizzying amount of information,
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๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
01:14
but 99% of our genome is shared among all humans.
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ค‘ 99%๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
The remaining 1% contains everything distinct about an individualโ€™s ancestry.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 1%์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
Commercial DNA tests utilize less than 1% of that 1%.
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์‹œ์ค‘์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ 1%์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ 1% ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
One chromosome in each pair comes from each parent.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ์Œ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
These halves join at conception: when a sperm and egg,
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์ •์ž์™€ ๋‚œ์ž์—๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 23๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:42
each with only 23 chromosomes, combine.
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์ˆ˜์ • ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
The story of our ancestry becomes muddled before conception.
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ํ˜ˆํ†ต ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ • ์ด์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
Thatโ€™s because the 23 chromosomes in a sperm or egg
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์ •์ž์™€ ๋‚œ์ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด 23๊ฐœ๋Š”
01:56
arenโ€™t identical to the chromosomes of every other cell in the body.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒด์„ธํฌ์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
As they go from a cell with 46 chromosomes to a sex cell with only 23,
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์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด 46๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ 23๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์—ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:06
the chromosomes within each pair swap some sections.
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๊ฐ ์Œ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์„ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
This process is called recombination, and it means that every sperm or egg
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฆ‰ ์ •์ž์™€ ๋‚œ์ž์—๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:17
contains single chromosomes that are a unique mash up of each pair.
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์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฐ ์Œ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
Recombination occurs uniquely in each sex cellโ€”
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์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ๊ฐ ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
making two sistersโ€™ chromosomes different not only from their parentsโ€™,
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๋‘ ์ž๋งค์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์™€๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ 
02:33
but from each otherโ€™s.
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์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์—๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Recombination happens before conception,
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์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ์ˆ˜์ • ์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
so you get exactly half of your DNA from each parent,
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๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ ์”ฉ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:44
but going further back things get more complicated.
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๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ผ์ด ์ ์  ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
Without recombination, you would get 1/4 from each grandparent,
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์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ 1/4์„,
02:53
1/8 from each great-grandparent, and so on,
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์ฆ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ 1/8์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
but because recombination happens every generation, those numbers vary.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋‹ค ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
The more generations removed an ancestor is,
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ํ•œ ์กฐ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก
03:06
the more likely they wonโ€™t be represented in your DNA at all.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
For example, without recombination,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:14
just 1/64 of your DNA would come from each ancestor six generations back.
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์œ ์ „์ž 1/64์€ 6์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์˜ค๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:22
Because of recombination, that number can be higher,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
though we donโ€™t know for sure how highโ€” or it can as low as 0.
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ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  0%๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
So one sister isnโ€™t more French
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
03:34
in the sense of having more ancestors from France.
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๋” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ์ธ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Instead, the French ancestors are simply more represented in her DNA.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์œ ์ „์ž์—์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ณ„ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ฃ .
03:45
But the story doesnโ€™t end there.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
Tests donโ€™t trace the DNA of the sisters' actual French ancestorsโ€”
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์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ค์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ณ„ ์กฐ์ƒ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
03:53
we donโ€™t have access to the genomes of deceased individuals
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋Š”
03:57
from previous generations.
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์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Instead, these results are based on a comparison
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๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋Œ€์ƒ์€
04:03
to the DNA of people living in France today.
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ํ˜„ ์‹œ์ ์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
The tests look for genetic markers, or combinations of genetic markers.
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๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ํ‘œ์ง€, ์œ ์ „์ž ํ‘œ์ง€์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
These markers are short sequences that appear in specific places.
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์œ ์ „์ž ํ‘œ์ง€๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ์„œ์—ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
The sister deemed "more French" shares genetic markers
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์ฆ‰, โ€œ๋” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธโ€œ์ธ ์ž๋งค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ํ‘œ์ง€๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
04:23
with people currently living in France.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ํ‘œ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
The assumption is that these shared markers indicate ancestors
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์œ ์ „์ž ํ‘œ์ง€์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๋ก ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
04:31
from the same place: France.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
Itโ€™s important to note that results are based on people
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:38
whoโ€™ve had their genomes sequencedโ€”
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์„œ์—ด๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋งŒ์ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ 
04:40
80-90% of which are of European descent.
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๊ทธ์ค‘ 80-90%๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
Many indigenous peoples are barely represented, if at all.
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์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
The test wonโ€™t reveal heritage from people not represented in the database,
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์ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์€ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ .
04:55
and shouldnโ€™t be used to prove race or ethnicity.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
And as more people get sequenced, your results might change.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
Looking further back, you may get a result like 2% Neanderthal.
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๋” ๋’ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด 2% ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:10
Though Neanderthals were a separate species from humans,
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๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…์ด์ง€๋งŒ
05:14
that 2% doesnโ€™t come out of the 99% of our genome shared among all humans,
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์ด 2%๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์œ ์ „์ฒด 99%๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:21
but the 1% that varies.
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์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 1%์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
Thatโ€™s because about 40,000 years ago,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ฝ 4๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „
05:27
certain human populations interbred with Neanderthals,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ๊ณผ ์„ž์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
meaning some people alive today have Neanderthal ancestors.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์€ ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ์˜ ํ›„์†์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
Many Neanderthal ancestors, in fact:
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ์˜ ํ›„์†์€ ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
there are so many generations in 40,000 years
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4๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ
05:43
that a single Neanderthalโ€™s genetic contribution would be untraceable.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ถ”์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
You can be both 100% French and 2% Neanderthalโ€”
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 100% ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ์ด๋ฉด์„œ 2% ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
though both come from the 1% of DNA that makes us different,
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๋น„๋ก ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” 1%์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์—์„œ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
05:58
theyโ€™re accounting for different things.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
Looking for traces of our ancestry in our DNA gets complicated very quickly.
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์œ ์ „์ž์—์„œ ์กฐ์ƒ์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
Both the way we inherit DNA and the information available for testing
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์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
06:13
makes it difficult to say certain things with 100% certainty.
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ 100% ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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