What can DNA tests really tell us about our ancestry? - Prosanta Chakrabarty

1,209,941 views ใƒป 2020-06-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืžื™ื›ืœ ืกืœืžืŸ ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Two sisters take the same DNA test.
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ืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช DNA.
00:11
The results show that one sister is 10% French, the other 0%.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื 10% ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื”, ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” 0%.
00:17
Both sisters share the same two parents,
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
00:20
and therefore the same set of ancestors.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื.
00:23
So how can one be 10% more French than the other?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื—ืช 10% ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”?
00:28
Tests like these rely on our DNA to answer questions about our ancestry,
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืžืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”-DNA ืฉืœื ื•
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:34
but our DNA actually canโ€™t tell us everything
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”-DNA ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื›ื•ืœ
00:37
about who we are or where weโ€™re from.
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ืขืœ ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืื• ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื.
00:41
DNA tests are great at answering some questions,
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช DNA ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช,
00:45
like who your parents are, but can provide baffling results to others,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ืืš ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
00:50
like whether you have ancestors from a particular region.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
00:54
To understand why, it helps to know where our DNA comes from in the first place.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ื”-DNA ืฉืœื ื•.
01:00
Each personโ€™s DNA consists of about 6 billion base pairs
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ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื›-6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื
01:05
stored in 23 pairs of chromosomesโ€” 46 total.
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ื”ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘-23 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, 46 ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ.
ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข,
01:11
That may seem like a dizzying amount of information,
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01:14
but 99% of our genome is shared among all humans.
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ืื‘ืœ 99% ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:19
The remaining 1% contains everything distinct about an individualโ€™s ancestry.
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ื”-1% ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืื“ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื.
01:26
Commercial DNA tests utilize less than 1% of that 1%.
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”-DNA ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-1% ืžืื•ืชื• 1% ื”ื–ื”.
01:34
One chromosome in each pair comes from each parent.
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ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
01:38
These halves join at conception: when a sperm and egg,
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ื—ืฆืื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืชืขื‘ืจื•ืช: ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืจืข ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช,
01:42
each with only 23 chromosomes, combine.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื 23 ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžืชืœื›ื“ื™ื.
01:46
The story of our ancestry becomes muddled before conception.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืขื‘ืจื•ืช.
01:51
Thatโ€™s because the 23 chromosomes in a sperm or egg
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉ-23 ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ืจืข ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช
01:56
arenโ€™t identical to the chromosomes of every other cell in the body.
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ืื™ื ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:01
As they go from a cell with 46 chromosomes to a sex cell with only 23,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžืชื ืขื 46 ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ืœืชื ืžื™ืŸ ืขื 23 ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
02:06
the chromosomes within each pair swap some sections.
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ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื.
02:11
This process is called recombination, and it means that every sperm or egg
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืœื•ืฃ, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืจืข ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช
02:17
contains single chromosomes that are a unique mash up of each pair.
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ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’.
02:23
Recombination occurs uniquely in each sex cellโ€”
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืฃ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ืžื™ืŸ,
02:28
making two sistersโ€™ chromosomes different not only from their parentsโ€™,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ,
ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
02:33
but from each otherโ€™s.
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02:35
Recombination happens before conception,
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ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืฃ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืขื‘ืจื•ืช,
02:39
so you get exactly half of your DNA from each parent,
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”-DNA,
02:44
but going further back things get more complicated.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืœืœื ื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ 1/4 ืžื›ืœ ืกื‘ ืื• ืกื‘ืชื,
02:48
Without recombination, you would get 1/4 from each grandparent,
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1/8 ืžื›ืœ ืกื‘ื ืจื‘ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”,
02:53
1/8 from each great-grandparent, and so on,
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02:57
but because recombination happens every generation, those numbers vary.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:02
The more generations removed an ancestor is,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื,
03:06
the more likely they wonโ€™t be represented in your DNA at all.
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ื›ืš ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘-DNA ืฉืœืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:11
For example, without recombination,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืœื ืฉื—ืœื•ืฃ,
03:14
just 1/64 of your DNA would come from each ancestor six generations back.
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ืจืง 1/64 ืžื”-DNA ืฉืœืš ื™ื’ื™ืข ืžื›ืœ ืื‘ ืื• ืื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื 6 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื”.
03:22
Because of recombination, that number can be higher,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืฃ, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:25
though we donโ€™t know for sure how highโ€” or it can as low as 0.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ืœ- 0.
03:32
So one sister isnโ€™t more French
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ืื– ืื—ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื”
03:34
in the sense of having more ancestors from France.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
03:38
Instead, the French ancestors are simply more represented in her DNA.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆืจืคืช ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-DNA ืฉืœื”.
03:45
But the story doesnโ€™t end there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
03:48
Tests donโ€™t trace the DNA of the sisters' actual French ancestorsโ€”
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื ืžืชื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื—ืจ ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช,
03:53
we donโ€™t have access to the genomes of deceased individuals
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื•
03:57
from previous generations.
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ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.
03:59
Instead, these results are based on a comparison
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
04:03
to the DNA of people living in France today.
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ืขื ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
04:07
The tests look for genetic markers, or combinations of genetic markers.
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ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืกืžื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืžื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:13
These markers are short sequences that appear in specific places.
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ืกืžื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืฆืคื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
04:19
The sister deemed "more French" shares genetic markers
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ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช "ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื”" ื—ื•ืœืงืช ืกืžื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
04:23
with people currently living in France.
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ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
04:26
The assumption is that these shared markers indicate ancestors
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืกืžื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื
04:31
from the same place: France.
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ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ื: ืฆืจืคืช.
04:34
Itโ€™s important to note that results are based on people
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:38
whoโ€™ve had their genomes sequencedโ€”
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ืฉื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:40
80-90% of which are of European descent.
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ืžืชื•ื›ื 80-90% ื”ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™.
04:45
Many indigenous peoples are barely represented, if at all.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืขืžื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:49
The test wonโ€™t reveal heritage from people not represented in the database,
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ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืœื ืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
04:55
and shouldnโ€™t be used to prove race or ethnicity.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื’ื–ืข ืื• ืืชื ื™ื•ืช.
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
05:00
And as more people get sequenced, your results might change.
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05:05
Looking further back, you may get a result like 2% Neanderthal.
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื›ืžื•: 2% ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™.
05:10
Though Neanderthals were a separate species from humans,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
05:14
that 2% doesnโ€™t come out of the 99% of our genome shared among all humans,
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2% ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš 99% ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
05:21
but the 1% that varies.
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ืืœื ืžืื•ืชื• 1% ืฉืžืฉืชื ื”.
05:24
Thatโ€™s because about 40,000 years ago,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›-40,000 ืฉื ื”,
05:27
certain human populations interbred with Neanderthals,
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืขื ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื,
05:31
meaning some people alive today have Neanderthal ancestors.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉื ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™.
05:36
Many Neanderthal ancestors, in fact:
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ืื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”:
ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 40,000 ืฉื ื”,
05:40
there are so many generations in 40,000 years
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05:43
that a single Neanderthalโ€™s genetic contribution would be untraceable.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœ, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ.
05:48
You can be both 100% French and 2% Neanderthalโ€”
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 100% ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื ื•-2% ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
05:53
though both come from the 1% of DNA that makes us different,
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ืื ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืž-1% ื”-DNA ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
05:58
theyโ€™re accounting for different things.
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ื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
06:02
Looking for traces of our ancestry in our DNA gets complicated very quickly.
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘-DNA ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืชื‘ืš ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
06:09
Both the way we inherit DNA and the information available for testing
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ื’ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”-DNA ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื”
06:13
makes it difficult to say certain things with 100% certainty.
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ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ 100%.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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