The Infinite Hotel Paradox - Jeff Dekofsky

Paradoks Beskonačnog hotela - Džef Dekofski (Jeff Dekofsky)

24,705,730 views ・ 2014-01-16

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
In the 1920's,
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Dvadesetih godina 20. veka
00:07
the German mathematician David Hilbert
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nemački matematičar Dejvid Hilbert
00:10
devised a famous thought experiment
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smislio je čuveni misaoni eksperiment
00:12
to show us just how hard it is
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da bi nam pokazao kako je teško
00:14
to wrap our minds around the concept of infinity.
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zamisliti pojam beskonačnosti.
00:18
Imagine a hotel with an infinite number of rooms
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Zamislite hotel sa beskonačnim brojem soba
00:21
and a very hardworking night manager.
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i vrlo vrednim noćnim poslovođom.
00:24
One night, the Infinite Hotel is completely full,
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Jedne noći, Beskonačni hotel je dupke pun,
00:27
totally booked up with an infinite number of guests.
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ceo je popunjen beskonačnim brojem gostiju.
00:31
A man walks into the hotel and asks for a room.
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Čovek ulazi u hotel
i traži sobu.
Ne želeći da ga odbije,
00:34
Rather than turn him down,
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00:35
the night manager decides to make room for him.
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noćni poslovođa odlučuje da mu napravi mesta.
00:37
How?
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Kako?
00:38
Easy, he asks the guest in room number 1
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Lako. Zamoli gosta iz sobe broj 1
00:41
to move to room 2,
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da se premesti u sobu broj 2,
00:43
the guest in room 2 to move to room 3,
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gosta iz sobe 2 da pređe u sobu 3
00:46
and so on.
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i tako dalje.
00:47
Every guest moves from room number "n"
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Svaki gost prelazi iz sobe "n"
00:49
to room number "n+1".
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u sobu "n+1".
00:52
Since there are an infinite number of rooms,
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Pošto ima beskonačan broj soba,
00:54
there is a new room for each existing guest.
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postoji nova soba za svakog postojećeg gosta.
00:57
This leaves room 1 open for the new customer.
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Time ostaje slobodna soba za novu mušteriju.
00:59
The process can be repeated
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Ovaj proces se može ponoviti
01:01
for any finite number of new guests.
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za svaki konačan broj novih gostiju.
01:03
If, say, a tour bus unloads 40 new people looking for rooms,
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Ako bi, na primer, autobus istovario
40 novih ljudi koji traže sobe,
01:07
then every existing guest just moves
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onda svaki postojeći gost samo pređe
01:09
from room number "n"
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iz sobe broj "n"
01:11
to room number "n+40",
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u sobu broj "n+40"
01:13
thus, opening up the first 40 rooms.
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i tako se otvori prvih 40 soba.
Ali sada, beskonačno veliki autobus
01:17
But now an infinitely large bus
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01:19
with a countably infinite number of passengers
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sa prebrojivo beskonačnim brojem putnika
01:21
pulls up to rent rooms.
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pristaje pored hotela.
01:23
countably infinite is the key.
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Prebrojivo beskonačno je ključna stvar.
Beskonačni autobus sa beskonačnim putnicima
01:26
Now, the infinite bus of infinite passengers
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01:28
perplexes the night manager at first,
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zbunjuje poslovođu u prvi mah,
01:30
but he realizes there's a way
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ali onda shvata da postoji način
01:32
to place each new person.
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da smesti sve nove ljude.
01:33
He asks the guest in room 1 to move to room 2.
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Zamoli gosta u sobi 1
da pređe u sobu 2.
01:36
He then asks the guest in room 2
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Onda zamoli gosta iz sobe 2
01:38
to move to room 4,
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da pređe u sobu 4,
01:40
the guest in room 3 to move to room 6,
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gosta iz sobe 3
da pređe u sobu 6
01:42
and so on.
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i tako dalje.
01:44
Each current guest moves from room number "n"
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Svaki postojeći gost prelazi iz sobe broj "n"
01:47
to room number "2n" --
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u sobu broj "2n"
01:50
filling up only the infinite even-numbered rooms.
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popunjavajući samo beskonačan broj parnih soba.
01:54
By doing this, he has now emptied
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Uradivši ovo, on je ispraznio
01:55
all of the infinitely many odd-numbered rooms,
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sve neparne sobe kojih ima beskonačan broj,
01:58
which are then taken by the people filing off the infinite bus.
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u koje su onda ušli ljudi
koji su izašli iz beskonačnog autobusa.
Svi su zadovoljni i hotel posluje
02:03
Everyone's happy and the hotel's business is booming more than ever.
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bolje nego ikad.
02:06
Well, actually, it is booming exactly the same amount as ever,
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U stvari, posluje
sa istom zaradom kao i uvek,
02:10
banking an infinite number of dollars a night.
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inkasirajući beskonačan broj dolara svake noći.
Priča o ovom neverovatnom hotelu se širi.
02:14
Word spreads about this incredible hotel.
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02:16
People pour in from far and wide.
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Ljudi dolaze sa svih strana.
02:18
One night, the unthinkable happens.
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Jedne noći, dešava se nezamislivo.
02:20
The night manager looks outside
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Noćni poslovođa gleda napolje
02:23
and sees an infinite line of infinitely large buses,
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i vidi beskonačnu kolonu
beskonačno velikih autobusa,
02:27
each with a countably infinite number of passengers.
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svaki sa prebrojivo beskonačnim brojem putnika.
02:30
What can he do?
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Šta može da uradi?
02:31
If he cannot find rooms for them, the hotel will lose out
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Ako ne nađe sobe za njih
hotel će izgubiti
02:34
on an infinite amount of money,
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beskonačnu sumu novca,
02:35
and he will surely lose his job.
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a on će sigurno izgubiti posao.
02:37
Luckily, he remembers that around the year 300 B.C.E.,
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Srećom, seti se
da je oko 300. godine p.n.e
02:41
Euclid proved that there is an infinite quantity
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Euklid dokazao da postoji beskonačan broj
02:44
of prime numbers.
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prostih brojeva.
02:47
So, to accomplish this seemingly impossible task
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Da bi ispunio ovaj naizgled nemoguć zadatak
02:49
of finding infinite beds for infinite buses
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da nađe beskonačan broj kreveta za beskonačne autobuse,
02:52
of infinite weary travelers,
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pune umornih putnika u beskonačnom broju,
02:54
the night manager assigns every current guest
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noćni poslovođa dodeljuje svakom već postojećem gostu
prvi prost broj, 2,
02:57
to the first prime number, 2,
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02:59
raised to the power of their current room number.
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stepenovan brojem njihove sobe.
03:01
So, the current occupant of room number 7
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Tako gost iz sobe broj 7
03:04
goes to room number 2^7,
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odlazi u sobu broj 2^7 (2 na sedmi),
03:07
which is room 128.
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a to je soba 128.
Poslovođa zatim uzima ljude
03:10
The night manager then takes the people on the first of the infinite buses
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iz prvog od beskonačnih autobusa
03:13
and assigns them to the room number
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i dodeljuje im sobu broj:
03:15
of the next prime, 3,
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sledeći prost broj, 3,
03:18
raised to the power of their seat number on the bus.
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stepenovan brojem njihovog sedišta u autobusu.
03:21
So, the person in seat number 7 on the first bus
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Tako osoba na sedištu broj 7 u prvom autobusu
03:25
goes to room number 3^7
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odlazi u sobu broj 3^7
03:28
or room number 2,187.
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to jest u sobu 2.187.
03:31
This continues for all of the first bus.
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To se nastavlja za ceo prvi autobus.
03:34
The passengers on the second bus
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Putnicima iz drugog autobusa
03:35
are assigned powers of the next prime, 5.
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se dodeljuju eksponenti sledećeg prostog broja, 5.
03:39
The following bus, powers of 7.
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Sledećem autobusu, eksponenti broja 7.
03:41
Each bus follows:
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Sledećim autobusima:
03:42
powers of 11, powers of 13,
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eksponenti broja 11,
eksponenti broja 13,
03:44
powers of 17, etc.
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broja 17 itd.
03:47
Since each of these numbers
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Pošto svaki od ovih brojeva kao delioce ima
03:48
only has 1 and the natural number powers
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samo 1 i prirodne brojeve eksponente
03:50
of their prime number base as factors,
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prostog broja u osnovi,
03:53
there are no overlapping room numbers.
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nema preklapanja brojeva soba.
03:55
All the buses' passengers fan out into rooms
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Svi putnici se raspoređuju po sobama
03:58
using unique room-assignment schemes
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koristeći jedinstvenu šemu dodeljivanja soba
04:00
based on unique prime numbers.
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zasnovanu na jedinstvenim prostim brojevima.
04:03
In this way, the night manager can accommodate
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Na ovaj način noćni poslovođa može da smesti
04:05
every passenger on every bus.
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svakog putnika iz svakog autobusa.
04:07
Although, there will be many rooms that go unfilled,
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Mada, ostaće mnogo nepopunjenih soba,
kao, na primer soba 6
04:11
like room 6,
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jer 6 nije eksponent nijednog prostog broja.
04:12
since 6 is not a power of any prime number.
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04:15
Luckily, his bosses weren't very good in math,
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Srećom, njegovi šefovi nisu bili dobri iz matematike,
04:17
so his job is safe.
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tako da nije u opasnosti da izgubi posao.
04:19
The night manager's strategies are only possible
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Strategije noćnog poslovođe su moguće jer,
04:22
because while the Infinite Hotel is certainly a logistical nightmare,
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iako je Beskonačni hotel
sigurno logistička noćna mora,
04:26
it only deals with the lowest level of infinity,
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on samo operiše sa najnižim nivoom beskonačnosti,
04:29
mainly, the countable infinity of the natural numbers,
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uglavnom sa prebrojivom beskonačnošću
prirodnih brojeva:
04:33
1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.
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1, 2, 3, 4 itd.
04:36
Georg Cantor called this level of infinity aleph-zero.
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Georg Kantor je nazvao ovaj nivo beskonačnosti "alef-nula".
04:40
We use natural numbers for the room numbers
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Koristimo prirodne brojeve za brojeve soba,
kao i za brojeve sedišta u autobusima.
04:43
as well as the seat numbers on the buses.
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04:45
If we were dealing with higher orders of infinity,
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Ako bismo operisali sa višim nivoima beskonačnosti,
04:48
such as that of the real numbers,
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kao što su oni realnih brojeva,
04:49
these structured strategies would no longer be possible
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ove strukturirane strategije
ne bi više bile moguće
04:52
as we have no way to systematically include every number.
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jer nemamo načina
da sistematski uključimo svaki broj.
Beskonačni hotel realnih brojeva ima
04:57
The Real Number Infinite Hotel
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04:58
has negative number rooms in the basement,
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negativne brojeve soba u podrumu,
05:00
fractional rooms,
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sobe sa razlomcima,
05:02
so the guy in room 1/2 always suspects
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tako da čovek u sobi broj 1/2 uvek sumnja
05:04
he has less room than the guy in room 1.
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da je dobio manju sobu od osobe u sobi 1.
05:07
Square root rooms, like room radical 2,
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Sobe sa kvadratnim korenom, kao soba "koren iz 2"
05:10
and room pi,
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i soba "pi",
05:11
where the guests expect free dessert.
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gde gosti očekuju besplatnu pitu.
05:14
What self-respecting night manager would ever want to work there
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Koji poslovođa sa samopoštovanjem
bi hteo da radi tu,
05:17
even for an infinite salary?
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čak i za beskonačnu platu?
05:19
But over at Hilbert's Infinite Hotel,
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Ali u Hilbertovom Beskonačnom hotelu, gde nikad nema praznih soba
05:20
where there's never any vacancy
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05:22
and always room for more,
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i uvek ima mesta za još gostiju,
05:24
the scenarios faced by the ever-diligent
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scenarija sa kojima se suočava uvek marljivi
05:26
and maybe too hospitable night manager
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i možda suviše gostoljubivi poslovođa
05:28
serve to remind us of just how hard it is
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služe da nas podsete na to kako je teško
05:31
for our relatively finite minds
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za naše relativno konačne umove
05:33
to grasp a concept as large as infinity.
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da shvate tako veliki pojam kao što je beskonačnost.
05:37
Maybe you can help tackle these problems
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Možda možete da se pozabavite ovim problemima
posle dobrog noćnog sna.
05:39
after a good night's sleep.
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05:40
But honestly, we might need you
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Ali iskreno, možda ćete morati
05:42
to change rooms at 2 a.m.
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da promenite sobu u 2 sata noću.
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