What is consciousness? - Michael S. A. Graziano

1,503,210 views ・ 2019-02-11

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Kristina Radosavljević
00:06
Here are two images of a house.
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Ovo su dve slike kuće.
00:09
There’s one obvious difference,
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Postoji jedna očigledna razlika,
00:11
but to this patient, P.S.,
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ali ovoj pacijentkinji, P.S,
00:13
they looked completely identical.
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izgledaju potpuno identično.
00:16
P.S. had suffered a stroke that damaged the right side of her brain,
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P.S. je doživela šlog koji joj je oštetio desnu stranu mozga,
00:20
leaving her unaware of everything on her left side.
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pri čemu je postala nesvesna bilo čega sa svoje leve strane.
00:24
But though she could discern no difference between the houses,
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Iako nije mogla da uoči razliku između kuća,
00:27
when researchers asked her which she would prefer to live in,
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kada su je istraživači pitali u kojoj bi radije živela,
00:30
she chose the house that wasn’t burning—
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odabrala je kuću koja nije gorela,
00:33
not once, but again and again.
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i to ne jednom, već svaki put iznova.
00:36
P.S.’s brain was still processing information
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Mozak P.S. je i dalje obrađivao informacije
00:40
from her whole field of vision.
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iz celog njenog vidnog polja.
00:42
She could see both images
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Mogla je da vidi obe slike
00:44
and tell the difference between them,
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i prepozna razliku među njima,
00:46
she just didn’t know it.
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samo što to nije znala.
00:47
If someone threw a ball at her left side,
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Kada bi neko bacio loptu na nju sa njene leve strane,
00:50
she might duck.
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možda bi se sagla.
00:51
But she wouldn’t have any awareness of the ball,
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Ali uopšte ne bi bila svesna lopte,
00:54
or any idea why she ducked.
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niti bi uopšte znala zašto se sagla.
00:57
P.S.’s condition,
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Stanje P.S,
00:58
known as hemispatial neglect,
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poznato kao hemispacijalno zanemarivanje,
01:01
reveals an important distinction between the brain’s processing of information
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otkriva važnu razliku između obrade informacija u mozgu
01:05
and our experience of that processing.
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i našeg doživljaja te obrade.
01:09
That experience is what we call consciousness.
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Taj doživljaj je ono što nazivamo svest.
01:13
We are conscious of both the external world and our internal selves—
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Ujedno smo svesni spoljašnjeg sveta i svog unutrašnjeg bića -
01:18
we are aware of an image
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svesni smo slike
01:19
in much the same way we are aware of ourselves looking at an image,
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gotovo isto kao što smo svesni sami sebe dok gledamo sliku,
01:23
or our inner thoughts and emotions.
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ili svojih unutrašnjih misli i osećanja.
01:26
But where does consciousness come from?
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Ali odakle proističe svest?
01:28
Scientists, theologians, and philosophers
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Naučnici, teolozi i filozofi
01:31
have been trying to get to the bottom of this question for centuries—
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pokušavali su vekovima da nađu odgovor na ovo pitanje,
01:35
without reaching any consensus.
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ali nisu se mogli usaglasiti.
01:38
One recent theory is that
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Jedna novija teorija
01:39
consciousness is the brain’s imperfect picture of its own activity.
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je da je svest nesavršena slika mozga o sopstvenim aktivnostima.
01:44
To understand this theory,
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Da bismo razumeli ovo teoriju,
01:46
it helps to have a clear idea
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korisno je da imamo jasnu predstavu
01:47
of one important way the brain processes information from our senses.
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o jednom važnom načinu na koji mozak obrađuje informacije iz naših čula.
01:52
Based on sensory input,
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Na osnovu ulaznih čulnih informacija,
01:54
it builds models,
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on pravi modele
01:55
which are continuously updating, simplified descriptions
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koji se neprekidno nadograđuju,
pojednostavljene opise predmeta i dešavanja u svetu.
01:59
of objects and events in the world.
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02:02
Everything we know is based on these models.
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Sve što znamo je zasnovano na ovim modelima.
02:05
They never capture every detail of the things they describe,
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Oni nikada ne zabeleže svaki detalj stvari koje opisuju,
02:09
just enough for the brain to determine appropriate responses.
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već tek toliko da bi mozak odredio odgovarajuće reakcije.
02:13
For instance, one model built deep into the visual system
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Na primer, jedan model koji je duboko ugrađen u vizuelni sistem
02:16
codes white light as brightness without color.
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kodira belu svetlost kao osvetljenje bez boje.
02:20
In reality,
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U stvarnosti,
02:21
white light includes wavelengths
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bela svetlost obuhvata talasne dužine
02:22
that correspond to all the different colors we can see.
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koji odgovaraju svim različitim bojama koje možemo videti.
02:26
Our perception of white light is wrong and oversimplified,
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Naše opažanje bele svetlosti je pogrešno i previše pojednostavljeno,
02:30
but good enough for us to function.
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ali dovoljno dobro da bismo funkcionisali.
02:32
Likewise, the brain’s model of the physical body
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Isto tako, model fizičkog tela u mozgu
02:35
keeps track of the configuration of our limbs,
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vodi evidenciju o konfiguraciji naših udova,
02:37
but not of individual cells or even muscles,
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ali ne i pojedinačnih ćelija, pa čak ni mišića,
02:40
because that level of information isn’t needed to plan movement.
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zato što taj nivo informacija nije neophodan za planiranje kretanja.
02:44
If it didn’t have the model keeping track of the body’s size, shape,
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Kad ne bismo imali model koji nadgleda veličinu i oblik tela
02:48
and how it is moving at any moment,
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i kako se telo kreće u svakom momentu,
02:50
we would quickly injure ourselves.
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brzo bismo se povredili.
02:53
The brain also needs models of itself.
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Mozgu su takođe potrebni modeli samog sebe.
02:55
For example,
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Na primer,
02:56
the brain has the ability to pay attention to specific objects and events.
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mozak ima sposobnost da obrati pažnju na određene objekte i događaje.
03:01
It also controls that focus,
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On takođe i kontroliše taj fokus,
03:03
shifting it from one thing to another,
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premeštajući ga sa jedne na drugu stvar,
03:05
internal and external,
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unutra i spolja,
03:06
according to our needs.
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u skladu sa našim potrebama.
03:08
Without the ability to direct our focus,
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Bez sposobnosti da upravljamo fokusom,
03:10
we wouldn’t be able to assess threats, finish a meal, or function at all.
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ne bismo mogli da procenjujemo pretnje,
završimo obrok, niti da uopšte funkcionišemo.
03:15
To control focus effectively,
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Da bi efikasno kontrolisao fokus,
03:17
the brain has to construct a model of its own attention.
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mozak mora da izgradi model sopstvene pažnje.
03:20
With 86 billion neurons constantly interacting with each other,
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Sa 86 milijardi neurona koji stalno međusobno komuniciraju,
03:24
there’s no way the brain’s model of its own information processing
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nema šanse da moždani model sopstvene obrade informacija
03:28
can be perfectly self-descriptive.
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savršeno opisuje sebe.
03:31
But like the model of the body,
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Ali kao i u slučaju modela tela,
03:32
or our conception of white light,
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ili naše predstave o beloj svetlosti,
03:34
it doesn’t have to be.
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ni ne mora da bude savršen.
03:36
Our certainty that we have a metaphysical, subjective experience
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Naša sigurnost da imamo metafizičko, subjektivno iskustvo
03:40
may come from one of the brain’s models,
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možda proističe iz jednog od modela mozga,
03:42
a cut-corner description of what it means to process information
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kratkog opisa toga šta znači obrađivati informacije
03:46
in a focused and deep manner.
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na fokusiran i dubinski način.
03:49
Scientists have already begun trying to figure out
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Naučnici su već počeli sa nastojanjima da razumeju
03:51
how the brain creates that self model.
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kako mozak stvara taj model o sebi.
03:54
MRI studies are a promising avenue for pinpointing the networks involved.
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Studije magnetne rezonance obećavaju
kao put za određivanje koje su mreže uključene.
03:59
These studies compare patterns of neural activation
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Ove studije upoređuju obrasce neuronske aktivacije
04:02
when someone is and isn’t conscious of a sensory stimulus, like an image.
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kada neko jeste i kada nije svestan senzornog stimulusa kao što je slika.
04:07
The results show that the areas needed for visual processing
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Rezultati pokazuju da su oblasti potrebne za vizuelnu obradu
04:10
are activated whether or not the participant is aware of the image,
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aktivirane bilo da je ispitanik svestan slike ili ne,
04:14
but a whole additional network lights up
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ali čitava druga mreža zasvetli
04:17
only when they are conscious of seeing the image.
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samo kada su svesni da vide sliku.
04:21
Patients with hemispatial neglect, like P.S.,
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Pacijeti sa hemispacijalnim zanemarivanjem kao što je P.S.
04:24
typically have damage to one particular part of this network.
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obično imaju oštećenje jednog određenog dela te mreže.
04:28
More extensive damage to the network can sometimes lead to a vegetative state,
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Veće oštećenje mreže ponekad može dovesti do vegetativnog stanja,
04:32
with no sign of consciousness.
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bez znakova svesnosti.
04:35
Evidence like this brings us closer to understanding
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Ovakvi dokazi nas približavaju razumevanju
04:38
how consciousness is built into the brain,
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kako je svest ugrađena u mozak,
04:41
but there’s still much more to learn.
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ali ima još toliko toga što treba saznati.
04:43
For instance,
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Na primer,
04:44
the way neurons in the networks related to consciousness
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način na koji neuroni u mrežama koje su u vezi sa svesnošću
04:46
compute specific pieces of information
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uklapaju određene delove informacija
04:49
is outside the scope of our current technology.
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je van dometa naše sadašnje tehnologije.
04:52
As we approach questions of consciousness with science,
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Kako pristupamo pitanjima o svesti uz pomoć nauke,
04:55
we’ll open new lines of inquiry into human identity.
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otvorićemo nova preispitivanja ljudskog identiteta.
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