What is consciousness? - Michael S. A. Graziano

1,516,075 views ใƒป 2019-02-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Here are two images of a house.
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช.
00:09
Thereโ€™s one obvious difference,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
00:11
but to this patient, P.S.,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ื–ื•, ืค.ืก.,
00:13
they looked completely identical.
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ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:16
P.S. had suffered a stroke that damaged the right side of her brain,
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ืค.ืก. ืกื‘ืœื” ืžืฉื‘ืฅ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”,
00:20
leaving her unaware of everything on her left side.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœื”.
00:24
But though she could discern no difference between the houses,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื,
00:27
when researchers asked her which she would prefer to live in,
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืชืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื’ื•ืจ,
00:30
she chose the house that wasnโ€™t burningโ€”
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ื•ืขืจ --
00:33
not once, but again and again.
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ืœื ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ืืœื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
00:36
P.S.โ€™s brain was still processing information
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืค.ืก. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
00:40
from her whole field of vision.
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ืžื›ืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื”.
00:42
She could see both images
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
00:44
and tell the difference between them,
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ,
00:46
she just didnโ€™t know it.
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ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ื–ืืช.
00:47
If someone threw a ball at her left side,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื–ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ,
00:50
she might duck.
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชื›ื•ืคืฃ.
00:51
But she wouldnโ€™t have any awareness of the ball,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ,
00:54
or any idea why she ducked.
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ืื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ืคืคื”.
00:57
P.S.โ€™s condition,
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืค.ืก.,
00:58
known as hemispatial neglect,
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื”ื–ื ื—ืช ืฆื“,
01:01
reveals an important distinction between the brainโ€™s processing of information
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ืžื’ืœื” ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื•ื—
01:05
and our experience of that processing.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
01:09
That experience is what we call consciousness.
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
01:13
We are conscious of both the external world and our internal selvesโ€”
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื’ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื --
01:18
we are aware of an image
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื”
01:19
in much the same way we are aware of ourselves looking at an image,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
01:23
or our inner thoughts and emotions.
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ืื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:26
But where does consciousness come from?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”?
01:28
Scientists, theologians, and philosophers
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื
01:31
have been trying to get to the bottom of this question for centuriesโ€”
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ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื --
01:35
without reaching any consensus.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ืžื”.
01:38
One recent theory is that
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื
01:39
consciousness is the brainโ€™s imperfect picture of its own activity.
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ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:44
To understand this theory,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื”,
01:46
it helps to have a clear idea
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
01:47
of one important way the brain processes information from our senses.
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ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
01:52
Based on sensory input,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืงืœื˜ ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™,
01:54
it builds models,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื,
01:55
which are continuously updating, simplified descriptions
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ืฉื”ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืชืขื“ื›ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
01:59
of objects and events in the world.
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ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
02:02
Everything we know is based on these models.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
02:05
They never capture every detail of the things they describe,
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ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื,
02:09
just enough for the brain to determine appropriate responses.
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ืจืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื™ืงื‘ืข ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช.
02:13
For instance, one model built deep into the visual system
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื•ื“ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช
02:16
codes white light as brightness without color.
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ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื‘ืข.
02:20
In reality,
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
02:21
white light includes wavelengths
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ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ
02:22
that correspond to all the different colors we can see.
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ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
02:26
Our perception of white light is wrong and oversimplified,
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ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช,
02:30
but good enough for us to function.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืงื“.
02:32
Likewise, the brainโ€™s model of the physical body
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™
02:35
keeps track of the configuration of our limbs,
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ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:37
but not of individual cells or even muscles,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
02:40
because that level of information isnโ€™t needed to plan movement.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจืžื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื”.
02:44
If it didnโ€™t have the model keeping track of the bodyโ€™s size, shape,
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ืื ืœืžื•ื— ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:48
and how it is moving at any moment,
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืข ื›ืจื’ืข,
02:50
we would quickly injure ourselves.
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
02:53
The brain also needs models of itself.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
02:55
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:56
the brain has the ability to pay attention to specific objects and events.
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ืœืžื•ื— ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื•ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
03:01
It also controls that focus,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”,
03:03
shifting it from one thing to another,
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ,
03:05
internal and external,
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ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
03:06
according to our needs.
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ืœืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•.
03:08
Without the ability to direct our focus,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื™ืฉื™ืจ,
03:10
we wouldnโ€™t be able to assess threats, finish a meal, or function at all.
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ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื™ื•ืžื™ื, ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื—ื”, ืื• ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:15
To control focus effectively,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
03:17
the brain has to construct a model of its own attention.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•.
03:20
With 86 billion neurons constantly interacting with each other,
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ืขื 86 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:24
thereโ€™s no way the brainโ€™s model of its own information processing
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•
03:28
can be perfectly self-descriptive.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
03:31
But like the model of the body,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
03:32
or our conception of white light,
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ืื• ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ,
03:34
it doesnโ€™t have to be.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
03:36
Our certainty that we have a metaphysical, subjective experience
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ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
03:40
may come from one of the brainโ€™s models,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:42
a cut-corner description of what it means to process information
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ืชืื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข
03:46
in a focused and deep manner.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื•ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:49
Scientists have already begun trying to figure out
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:51
how the brain creates that self model.
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ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื•.
03:54
MRI studies are a promising avenue for pinpointing the networks involved.
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:59
These studies compare patterns of neural activation
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืœื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื
04:02
when someone is and isnโ€™t conscious of a sensory stimulus, like an image.
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืขืจื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฉื™, ื›ืžื• ืชืžื•ื ื”.
04:07
The results show that the areas needed for visual processing
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื•ื–ื™
04:10
are activated whether or not the participant is aware of the image,
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ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืœื,
04:14
but a whole additional network lights up
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฉืช ืฉืœืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื ื“ืœืงืช
04:17
only when they are conscious of seeing the image.
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ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
04:21
Patients with hemispatial neglect, like P.S.,
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ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ื ื—ืช ืฆื“, ื›ืžื• ืค.ืก.,
04:24
typically have damage to one particular part of this network.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื•.
04:28
More extensive damage to the network can sometimes lead to a vegetative state,
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ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื™ืคื” ืœืจืฉืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฆืžื—ื™,
04:32
with no sign of consciousness.
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ืœืœื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื”.
04:35
Evidence like this brings us closer to understanding
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”
04:38
how consciousness is built into the brain,
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
04:41
but thereโ€™s still much more to learn.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“.
04:43
For instance,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
04:44
the way neurons in the networks related to consciousness
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื”
04:46
compute specific pieces of information
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข
04:49
is outside the scope of our current technology.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:52
As we approach questions of consciousness with science,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืžื“ืข,
04:55
weโ€™ll open new lines of inquiry into human identity.
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ื ืคืชื— ืงื•ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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