What causes yeast infections, and how do you get rid of them? - Liesbeth Demuyser

Prevodilac: Milena Petrovic Lektor: Milenka Okuka

The vagina harbors hundreds of different kinds of microorganisms.

Vagina je skrovište za stotinu različitih vrsta mikroorganizama.

Some tend to be especially prevalent, like Lactobacilli.

Neki od njih preovlađuju, kao što su laktobacili.

These bacteria produce an acid that lowers the vagina’s pH,

Ove bakterije proizvode kiselinu koja smanjuje pH vrednost vagine,

limiting what can survive there and preventing against certain infections.

ograničavajući šta sve može da preživi i sprečavajući određene infekcije.

Candida yeasts are also usually present in small quantities.

Gjivice kandide su takođe prisutne u malim količinama.

Most of the time, these fungi are harmless.

U većini slučajeva, ove gljivice su bezopasne.

The body’s immune system keeps them in check while other microorganisms,

Imuni sistem ih drži pod kontrolom dok se ostali mikroorganizmi,

like Lactobacilli,

poput laktobacila,

combat and outcompete them for nutrients and territory.

bore i nadmašuju ih u borbi za hranom i teritorijom.

But under certain conditions, Candida yeasts can cause infections.

Međutim, u određenim uslovima, gljivice kandide mogu izazvati infekcije.

One species in particular, called Candida albicans,

Posebno je jedna vrsta koja se zove Kandida albikans,

is the usual culprit of vaginal thrush or yeast infections,

uobičajeni krivac vaginalnog sora ili gljivične infekcije,

which affect 3 out of every 4 people with a vagina.

koja pogađa troje od četvoro ljudi sa vaginom.

So, how exactly does a yeast infection happen?

Pa, kako dolazi do gljivične infekcije?

Candida albicans yeasts are shapeshifters.

Gljivice kandide menjaju svoj oblik.

And when the balance within the vagina is disrupted—

I kad je ravnoteža u vagini narušena—

like the pH increases or there are fewer microbes to compete with—

kad se pH povećava ili kada postoji manje mikroba sa kojima se mogu takmičiti—

Candida albicans may assume their disease-causing forms.

kandida može da zauzme svoje oblike koji izazivaju bolest.

They multiply and metamorphose—

One se umnožavaju i menjaju—

substituting their rounded structures

zamenjujući svoje oble strukture

for elongated thread-like forms called hyphae.

u izdužene oblike nalik nitima koje se zovu hife.

Then, they secrete enzymes that degrade the epithelial cells lining the vagina

Onda one luče enzime koji razgrađuju epitelne ćelije koje oblažu vaginu

and permeate the tissue.

i prožimaju tkivo.

Immune cells rush to the site,

Imune ćelije žure do tog mesta,

generating some of the most recognizable symptoms of yeast infections:

izazivajući neke od najčešćih sipmtoma gljivične infekcije:

itching, burning, swelling, and redness.

svrab, pečenje, oticanje i crvenilo.

These may also be accompanied by a change in vaginal discharge,

Ovo može da bude propraćeno i promenom u vaginalnom sekretu,

the fluid that’s frequently flushed from the vagina to keep it healthy and clean.

tečnosti koja se redovno cedi iz vagine kako bi je održala zdravom i čistom.

During a yeast infection, discharge may become thicker and whiter

Tokom gljivične infekcije, iscedak može postati gušći i belji

because the vagina is shedding more epithelial and Candida cells.

zato što vagina uklanja više epitelnih ćelija i ćelije kandide.

A few major factors, like antibiotic treatments and lower immunity,

Nekoliko ključnih faktora, kao što su terapija antibioticima i slab imunitet,

can make people more susceptible to vaginal yeast infections.

mogu da učine ljude podložnijim vaginalnim gljivičnim infekcijama.

When someone’s immune system is compromised, from illness or otherwise,

Kada je nečiji imuni sistem kompromitovan zbog bolesti ili zbog nečeg drugog,

their body may be unable to control Candida effectively.

njihovo telo možda neće moći da efikasno kontroliše kandidu.

And in treating bacterial infections, antibiotics kill harmful bacteria,

A kod lečenja bakterijskih infekcija, antibiotici ubijaju loše bakterije,

but they can also wipe out beneficial ones, like Lactobacilli,

ali mogu da unište i one dobre, kao što su laktobacili,

allowing Candida to multiply more easily.

što omogućava kandidi da se lakše umnoži.

Many other factors also help set the stage for yeast infections.

Mnogi drugi faktori takođe potpomažu razvoju gljivične infekcije.

Hormonal changes and diet alter the vaginal microbiome.

Hormonalne promene i ishrana mogu da izmene vaginalni mikrobiom.

Semen is relatively basic, so it can disrupt the vagina’s pH.

Sperma je relativno bazna, tako da može da poremeti pH vagine.

Tight, non-breathable, and wet garments incubate moisture

Uzak, vlažan donji veš zbog kojeg koža ne diše, nakuplja vlagu

and are thought to facilitate a more Candida-friendly environment.

i smatra se da olakašava kandidi da se brže razvije u takvoj sredini.

Soaps can damage the protective mucus that coats the vagina,

Sapuni mogu da oštete zaštitnu sluz koja oblaže vaginu,

making it easier for Candida to permeate.

što olakšava prodiranje kandide.

That’s why many doctors recommend just gently washing the vulva with water.

Zato mnogi doktori preporučuju nežno pranje vulve vodom.

And it’s important to wipe from front to back

I važno je da se briše od napred ka pozadi

to avoid introducing more Candida as well as other potentially harmful microbes

kako bi se izbegao veći prodor kandide i ostalih potencijalno loših mikroba

to the vagina.

u vaginu.

Most yeast infections are mild and clear up within two weeks.

Većina gljivičnih infekcija je blaga i očisti se za dve nedelje.

Antifungal medications usually offer dependable treatments

Antifungalni lekovi obično pružaju pouzdane tretmane

by reducing the number of Candida cells,

smanjujući broj ćelija kandide,

allowing the immune system and other microorganisms to regain control.

što omogućava imunom sistemu i ostalim mikroorganizmima da povrate kontrolu.

And interestingly, the solution to treating some yeast infections

Interesantno je da rešenje u lečenju nekih gljivičnih infekcija

could be more yeasts.

može biti u još gljivica.

Preliminary studies with probiotics containing the harmless yeasts

Preliminarne studije sa probioticima koji sadrže bezopasne gljivice

we use in brewing and baking have shown promise in keeping Candida in check

koje koristimo u pivarstvu i u kuvanju pokazale su se dobre u kontroli kandide,

while reducing inflammation.

istovremeno smanjujući i upalu.

But some yeast infections require more extensive therapies.

Ali neke gljivične infekcije zahtevaju opsežnije terapije.

About 5 to 10% of people with vaginas

Oko pet do 10% ljudi sa vaginom

experience at least 4 yeast infections a year.

iskuse najmanje četiri gljivične infekcije godišnje.

For some of those, the cause seems to be genetic.

Za neke od njih, uzrok može biti u genetici.

Some people have gene variants that make it harder for their immune systems

Neki ljudi imaju varijante gena koji otežavaju njihovom imunom sistemu

to recognize and regulate Candida cells.

da prepoznaju i regulišu ćelije kandide.

But why many others have recurrent infections is currently unclear—

Ali zašto mnogi drugi imaju infekcije koje se ponavljaju je nejasno—

and requires a lot more research.

i zahteva mnogo više istraživanja.

In fact, so does basically everything we've just talked about.

U stvari, kao i sve ovo o čemu smo dosad pričali.

We don’t know nearly enough about the vaginal microbiome.

Ne znamo ni približno dovoljno o vaginalnom mikrobiomu.

This is probably because of stigma and underfunding

Ovo je verovatno zbog stigme i manjka finansija

when it comes to topics that traditionally fall under the umbrella

kada su u pitanju teme koje tradicionalno potpadaju pod grupu

of “women’s health.”

„žensko zdravlje”.

For instance, while erectile dysfunction affects a much smaller percentage

Na primer, dok erektilna disfunkcija pogađa daleko manji procenat ljudi

of people than vaginal yeast infections,

nego vaginalne gljivične infekcije,

there’s about 6 times more research on the subject.

postoji šest puta više istraživanja o toj temi.

Hopefully, we’ll soon have a better understanding

Nadamo se da ćemo uskoro imati bolje razumevanje

of the many microorganismal multitudes we contain—

o mnoštvu mikroorganizama koje sadržimo—

and how best to keep them in balance.

i kako da ih najbolje držimo u ravnoteži.