What causes yeast infections, and how do you get rid of them? - Liesbeth Demuyser

1,062,950 views ใƒป 2022-07-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
The vagina harbors hundreds of different kinds of microorganisms.
0
7670
4129
ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
00:11
Some tend to be especially prevalent, like Lactobacilli.
1
11966
3837
ื›ืžื” ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ืžื• ืœืืงื˜ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืœื™ืก.
00:16
These bacteria produce an acid that lowers the vaginaโ€™s pH,
2
16054
4337
ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื” pH ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื”,
00:20
limiting what can survive there and preventing against certain infections.
3
20516
4505
ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:25
Candida yeasts are also usually present in small quantities.
4
25313
4379
ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื’ื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
00:29
Most of the time, these fungi are harmless.
5
29901
2627
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช.
00:32
The bodyโ€™s immune system keeps them in check while other microorganisms,
6
32528
3754
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:36
like Lactobacilli,
7
36282
1585
ื›ืžื• ืœืงื˜ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืก,
00:37
combat and outcompete them for nutrients and territory.
8
37867
3462
ื ืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:41
But under certain conditions, Candida yeasts can cause infections.
9
41913
5422
ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื.
00:47
One species in particular, called Candida albicans,
10
47752
3503
ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืืœื‘ื™ืงืื ืก,
00:51
is the usual culprit of vaginal thrush or yeast infections,
11
51255
4755
ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœืคื˜ืจืช ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื” ืื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื ืจืชื™ืงื™,
00:56
which affect 3 out of every 4 people with a vagina.
12
56135
3379
ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ 3 ืžืชื•ืš 4 ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื•ืื’ื™ื ื”.
00:59
So, how exactly does a yeast infection happen?
13
59847
3045
ืื–, ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ?
01:03
Candida albicans yeasts are shapeshifters.
14
63351
3503
ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืืœื‘ื™ืงื ืก ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื”.
01:07
And when the balance within the vagina is disruptedโ€”
15
67188
2794
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืคืจืข --
01:09
like the pH increases or there are fewer microbes to compete withโ€”
16
69982
4380
ื›ืžื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ pH ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืื™ืชื --
01:14
Candida albicans may assume their disease-causing forms.
17
74362
4296
ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืืœื‘ื™ืงื ืก ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
01:19
They multiply and metamorphoseโ€”
18
79200
2169
ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช --
01:21
substituting their rounded structures
19
81369
2043
ืžื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
01:23
for elongated thread-like forms called hyphae.
20
83412
3045
ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืืจื›ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ื™ื™ืคื”.
01:26
Then, they secrete enzymes that degrade the epithelial cells lining the vagina
21
86749
5672
ืื–, ื”ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืืคื™ืชืœ ืฉืžืฆืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื”
01:32
and permeate the tissue.
22
92421
1794
ื•ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืจืงืžื”.
01:34
Immune cells rush to the site,
23
94549
2294
ืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœืืชืจ,
01:36
generating some of the most recognizable symptoms of yeast infections:
24
96843
3962
ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”:
01:40
itching, burning, swelling, and redness.
25
100805
3003
ื’ืจื•ื“, ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช, ื•ืื“ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
01:44
These may also be accompanied by a change in vaginal discharge,
26
104058
3462
ืืœื” ื’ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืœื•ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื™ืช,
01:47
the fluid thatโ€™s frequently flushed from the vagina to keep it healthy and clean.
27
107520
3879
ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉื ืฉื˜ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืžื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื ืงื™ื”.
01:51
During a yeast infection, discharge may become thicker and whiter
28
111566
3753
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™, ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:55
because the vagina is shedding more epithelial and Candida cells.
29
115319
3879
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื” ืžืฉื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื™ ืืคื™ื˜ืœ ื•ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื”.
01:59
A few major factors, like antibiotic treatments and lower immunity,
30
119407
3670
ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช,
02:03
can make people more susceptible to vaginal yeast infections.
31
123077
3629
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื™.
02:07
When someoneโ€™s immune system is compromised, from illness or otherwise,
32
127039
3921
ื›ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช, ืžืžื—ืœื” ืื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:10
their body may be unable to control Candida effectively.
33
130960
3587
ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
02:14
And in treating bacterial infections, antibiotics kill harmful bacteria,
34
134922
4546
ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™, ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช,
02:19
but they can also wipe out beneficial ones, like Lactobacilli,
35
139552
4588
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืงื˜ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืก,
02:24
allowing Candida to multiply more easily.
36
144140
3086
ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:28
Many other factors also help set the stage for yeast infections.
37
148019
3712
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™.
02:31
Hormonal changes and diet alter the vaginal microbiome.
38
151981
3712
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื™.
02:35
Semen is relatively basic, so it can disrupt the vaginaโ€™s pH.
39
155693
4254
ื–ืจืข ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœpH ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื™.
02:40
Tight, non-breathable, and wet garments incubate moisture
40
160031
3420
ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืœื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช
02:43
and are thought to facilitate a more Candida-friendly environment.
41
163451
3420
ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื ื“ื™ื“ื”.
02:47
Soaps can damage the protective mucus that coats the vagina,
42
167538
3837
ืกื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืจ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืฉืžืฆืคื” ืืช ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื”,
02:51
making it easier for Candida to permeate.
43
171375
2586
ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
02:54
Thatโ€™s why many doctors recommend just gently washing the vulva with water.
44
174253
3963
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื.
02:58
And itโ€™s important to wipe from front to back
45
178424
2795
ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื’ื‘ ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืื—ื•ืจื”
03:01
to avoid introducing more Candida as well as other potentially harmful microbes
46
181219
4504
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื•ืกืคืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืคื•ื ื˜ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
03:05
to the vagina.
47
185723
1126
ืœื•ืื’ื™ื ื”.
03:07
Most yeast infections are mild and clear up within two weeks.
48
187308
4004
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื.
03:11
Antifungal medications usually offer dependable treatments
49
191312
3337
ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื
03:14
by reducing the number of Candida cells,
50
194649
2127
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื”,
03:16
allowing the immune system and other microorganisms to regain control.
51
196776
3879
ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜.
03:20
And interestingly, the solution to treating some yeast infections
52
200821
4213
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื
03:25
could be more yeasts.
53
205034
2085
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:27
Preliminary studies with probiotics containing the harmless yeasts
54
207328
3670
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช
03:30
we use in brewing and baking have shown promise in keeping Candida in check
55
210998
5005
ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืกื™ืก ืื• ืœืืคื•ืช ืžืจืื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช
03:36
while reducing inflammation.
56
216003
1961
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
03:38
But some yeast infections require more extensive therapies.
57
218339
4171
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื.
03:42
About 5 to 10% of people with vaginas
58
222718
2753
ื‘ืขืจืš 5 ืขื“ 10% ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื•ืื’ื™ื ื”
03:45
experience at least 4 yeast infections a year.
59
225471
2920
ื—ื•ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช 4 ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
03:48
For some of those, the cause seems to be genetic.
60
228766
3003
ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื, ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื˜ื™.
03:52
Some people have gene variants that make it harder for their immune systems
61
232103
3712
ืœื›ืžื” ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
03:55
to recognize and regulate Candida cells.
62
235815
2836
ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื“ื”.
03:58
But why many others have recurrent infections is currently unclearโ€”
63
238734
4213
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืœืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืจื’ืข --
04:02
and requires a lot more research.
64
242947
2210
ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืงืจ.
04:05
In fact, so does basically everything we've just talked about.
65
245825
3295
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืš ื’ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื•.
04:09
We donโ€™t know nearly enough about the vaginal microbiome.
66
249453
3420
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื™.
04:13
This is probably because of stigma and underfunding
67
253082
3045
ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืกืจ
04:16
when it comes to topics that traditionally fall under the umbrella
68
256127
3128
ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
04:19
of โ€œwomenโ€™s health.โ€
69
259255
1835
ืฉืœ โ€œื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”.โ€
04:21
For instance, while erectile dysfunction affects a much smaller percentage
70
261882
4255
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ืงืคื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
04:26
of people than vaginal yeast infections,
71
266137
2085
ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืื’ื™ื ืืœื™ื,
04:28
thereโ€™s about 6 times more research on the subject.
72
268222
3462
ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 6 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
04:32
Hopefully, weโ€™ll soon have a better understanding
73
272268
2544
ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:34
of the many microorganismal multitudes we containโ€”
74
274812
3587
ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื --
04:38
and how best to keep them in balance.
75
278399
2920
ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7