Why should you read Tolstoy's "War and Peace"? - Brendan Pelsue

Zašto bi trebalo da čitate Tolstojev "Rat i mir"? - Brendan Pelu (Brendan Pelsue)

5,314,512 views

2017-04-27 ・ TED-Ed


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Why should you read Tolstoy's "War and Peace"? - Brendan Pelsue

Zašto bi trebalo da čitate Tolstojev "Rat i mir"? - Brendan Pelu (Brendan Pelsue)

5,314,512 views ・ 2017-04-27

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković
00:07
"War and Peace,"
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"Rat i mir",
00:09
a tome,
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tom,
00:10
a slog,
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šljaka,
00:11
the sort of book you shouldn't read in bed because if you fall asleep,
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onaj tip knjige koju ne bi trebalo čitati u krevetu jer, ako zaspite,
00:14
it could give you a concussion, right?
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mogla bi da vam izazove potres mozga, je li tako?
00:17
Only partly.
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Samo delimično.
00:19
"War and Peace" is a long book, sure,
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"Rat i mir" je obimna knjiga, svakako,
00:21
but it's also a thrilling examination of history,
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ali je takođe uzbudljivo istorijsko propitivanje,
00:24
populated with some of the deepest, most realistic characters you'll find anywhere.
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u kojoj su neki od najproduhovljenijih, najrealističnijih likova uopšte.
00:30
And if its length intimidates you, just image how poor Tolstoy felt.
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A ako vas dužina knjige plaši, samo zamislite kako se siroti Tolstoj osećao.
00:35
In 1863, he set out to write a short novel about a political dissident
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Godine 1863, zaputio se da napiše kratak roman o političkom disidentu
00:39
returning from exile in Siberia.
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koji se vraćao iz izgnanstva u Sibiru.
00:42
Five years later, he had produced a 1,200 page epic
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Pet godina kasnije je stvorio epski roman od 1200 strana,
00:45
featuring love stories,
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koji sadrži ljubavne priče,
00:47
battlefields,
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00:47
bankruptcies,
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bojna polja,
bankrotstva,
00:48
firing squads,
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streljačke vodove,
00:49
religious visions,
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religijske vizije,
00:51
the burning of Moscow,
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spaljivanje Moskve
00:52
and a semi-domesticated bear,
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i polupitomog medveda,
00:54
but no exile and no political dissidents.
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ali bez izgnanstva i političkih disidenata.
00:57
Here's how it happened.
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Evo kako je došlo do toga.
00:58
Tolstoy, a volcanic soul,
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Tolstoj, vulkanska duša,
01:00
was born to a famously eccentric aristocratic family in 1828.
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rođen 1828. u čuvenoj aristokratskoj porodici ekscentrika.
01:05
By the time he was 30, he had already dropped out of Kazan University,
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Do 30. godine već se bio ispisao sa Kazanjskog univerziteta,
01:09
gambled away the family fortune,
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prokockao je porodično bogatstvo,
01:11
joined the army,
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pridružio se vojsci,
01:12
written memoirs,
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napisao memoare
01:13
and rejected the literary establishment to travel Europe.
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i odbacio je književni establišment kako bi putovao Evropom.
01:17
He then settled into Yasnaya Polyana, his ancestral mansion,
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Potom se skrasio u Jasnoj Poljani, u rezidenciji njegovih predaka
01:20
to write about the return of the Decembrists,
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kako bi pisao o povratku dekabrista,
01:23
a band of well-born revolutionaries pardoned in 1856 after 30 years in exile.
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grupi dobrostojećih revolucionara koji su pomilovani nakon 30 godina progonstva.
01:30
But, Tolstoy thought,
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Ali Tolstoj je pomislio:
01:31
how could he tell the story of the Decembrists return from exile
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kako da ispriča priču o povratku dekabrista iz progonstva
01:34
without telling the story of 1825,
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a da ne ispriča priču o 1825,
01:37
when they revolted against the conservative Tsar Nicholas I?
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kada su se pobunili protiv konzervativnog cara Nikolaja II?
01:41
And how could he do that without telling the story of 1812,
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I kako da to uradi, a da ne ispriča priču o 1812,
01:44
when Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia
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kada je Napoleonova katastrofalna invazija Rusije
01:47
helped trigger the authoritarianism the Decembrists were rebelling against?
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potpomogla pokretanju autoritarizma protiv kog su se pobunili dekabristi?
01:52
And how could he tell the story of 1812 without talking about 1805,
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I kako da ispriča priču o 1812 a da ne govori o 1805,
01:56
when the Russians first learned of the threat Napoleon posed
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kada su Rusi prvi put saznali za pretnju od Napoleona,
01:59
after their defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz?
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nakon njihovog poraza u bici kod Austerlica?
02:03
So Tolstoy began writing,
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Te je Tolstoj počeo da piše,
02:04
both about the big events of history
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i o velikim istorijskim događajima
02:06
and the small lives that inhabit those events.
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i o malim životima koji su naseljavali te događaje.
02:08
He focused on aristocrats, the class he knew best.
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Usredsredio se na aristokratiju, klasu koju je najbolje poznavao.
02:11
The book only occasionally touches
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Knjiga tek ovlaš dodiruje
02:13
on the lives of the vast majority of the Russian population,
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živote velike većine ruskog stanovništva,
koje su činili seljaci ili, pak, kmetovi,
02:17
who were peasants, or even serfs,
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02:18
farmers bound to serve the owners of the land on which they lived.
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zemljoradnici osuđeni da služe vlasnicima zemlje na kojoj su živeli.
02:23
"War and Peace" opens on the eve of war between France and Russia.
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"Rat i mir" počinje uoči rata između Francuske i Rusije.
02:27
Aristocrats at a cocktail party fret about the looming violence,
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Aristokratija na koktelskoj zabavi paniči zbog nadolazećeg nasilja,
02:31
but then change the topic to those things aristocrats always seem to care about:
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ali potom menja temu na ono o čemu je aristokratija izgleda oduvek marila:
02:34
money,
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novac,
02:35
sex,
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seks
02:36
and death.
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i smrt.
02:37
This first scene is indicative
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Prva scena nagoveštava
02:39
of the way the book bounces between the political and personal
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način na koji knjiga poskakuje između političkog i ličnog,
02:42
over an ever-widening canvas.
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duž platna koje se stalno širi.
02:44
There are no main characters in "War and Peace."
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"Rat i mir" nema glavne junake.
02:47
Instead, readers enter a vast interlocking web
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Umesto toga, čitaoci ulaze u ogromnu isprepletenu mrežu
02:50
of relationships and questions.
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veza i pitanja.
02:52
Will the hapless and illegitimate son of a count
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Hoće li nesrećni i nepriznati sin grofa
02:55
marry a beautiful but conniving princess?
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oženiti prelepu, ali nestašnu princezu?
02:58
Will his only friend survive the battlefields of Austria?
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Hoće li njegov jedini prijatelj preživeti austrijska ratišta?
03:01
And what about that nice young girl falling in love with both men at once?
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A šta je sa onom finom devojkom koja se zaljubila u dva muškarca odjednom?
03:06
Real historical figures mix and mingle with all these fictional folk,
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Stvarne istorijske ličnosti se mešaju i druže sa svim tim fiktivnim likovima,
03:10
Napoleon appears several times,
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Napoleon se pojavljuje nekoliko puta,
03:12
and even one of Tolstoy's ancestors plays a background part.
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a čak i jedan od Tolstojevih predaka igra sporednu ulogu.
03:17
But while the characters and their psychologies are gripping,
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Međutim, dok nas likovi i njihove psihologije opčinjavaju,
03:20
Tolstoy is not afraid to interrupt the narrative
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Tolstoj ne preže od prekidanja pripovedanja
03:22
to pose insightful questions about history.
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kako bi postavio pronicljiva pitanja o istoriji.
03:25
Why do wars start?
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Zašto ratovi počinju?
03:27
What are good battlefield tactics?
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Koje su dobre taktike na bojnom polju?
03:29
Do nations rise and fall on the actions of so-called great men like Napoleon,
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Da li nacije nastaju i nestaju na delima takozvanih velikih ljudi, poput Napoleona
ili imamo na delu šire kulturološke i ekonomske sile?
03:35
or are there larger cultural and economic forces at play?
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03:38
These extended digressions are part of what make "War and Peace"
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Ove obimne digresije su delimičan razlog zašto "Rat i mir"
03:41
so panoramic in scope.
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ima tako panoramski opseg.
03:43
But for some 19th century critics,
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Međutim, za neke kritičare iz XIX veka
03:45
this meant "War and Peace" barely felt like a novel at all.
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ovo je značilo da "Rat i mir" jedva da izgleda kao roman.
03:50
It was a "large, loose, baggy monster," in the words of Henry James.
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Bilo je to "veliko, labavo, nezgrapno čudovište", prema rečima Henrija Džejmsa.
03:54
Tolstoy, in fact, agreed.
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Tolstoj se zapravo složio.
03:56
To him, novels were a western European form.
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Za njega, romani su bili zapadnoevropski oblik.
03:59
Russian writers had to write differently because Russian people lived differently.
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Ruski pisci su morali drugačije da pišu jer je ruski narod živeo drugačije.
04:05
"What is 'War and Peace'?" he asked.
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"Šta je 'Rat i mir'?" pitao je.
04:07
"It is not a novel.
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"Nije roman.
04:08
Still less an epic poem.
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Još manje je epska pesma.
04:10
Still less a historical chronicle.
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Još manje je istorijski letopis.
04:12
'War and Peace' is what the author wanted and was able to express
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'Rat i mir' je ono što je pisac želeo i mogao da izrazi
04:16
in the form in which it was expressed."
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u obliku u kom je izraženo."
04:19
It is, in other words, the sum total of Tolstoy's imaginative powers,
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To je, drugim rečima, zbir ukupnih Tolstojevih sila mašte
04:24
and nothing less.
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i ništa manje.
04:26
By the time "War and Peace" ends,
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Dok se "Rat i mir" okonča,
04:28
Tolstoy has brought his characters to the year 1820,
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Tolstoj je doveo svoje likove do 1820. godine,
04:32
36 years before the events he originally hoped to write about.
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36 godina pre događaja o kojima je prvobitno priželjkivao da piše.
04:37
In trying to understand his own times,
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Pokušavajući da razume svoje vreme,
04:39
he had become immersed in the years piled up behind him.
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postao je zadubljen u godine koje su se nagomilale iza njega.
04:43
The result is a grand interrogation into history,
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Rezultat je veličanstveno preispitivanje istorije,
04:47
culture,
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kulture,
04:48
philosophy,
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filozofije,
04:49
psychology,
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psihologije
04:50
and the human response to war.
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i ljudske reakcije na rat.
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