The hidden treasures of Timbuktu - Elizabeth Cox

898,042 views ・ 2020-10-22

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Bosnjak Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:06
On the edge of the vast Sahara desert,
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Na rubu prostrane pustinje Sahare,
00:09
citizens snuck out of the city of Timbuktu
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građani su se iskradali iz grada Timbuktu
00:13
and took to the wilderness.
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i povlačili se u divljinu.
00:15
They buried chests in the desert sand, hid them in caves,
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Zakopavali su kovčege u pesak pustinje, sakrivali ih u pećine,
00:19
and sealed them in secret rooms.
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i zapečatili ih u tajne sobe.
00:22
Inside these chests was a treasure more valuable than gold:
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Unutar ovih kovčega bilo je blago vrednije od zlata,
00:27
the city’s ancient books.
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drevne knjige ovog grada.
00:30
Founded around 1100 CE in what is now Mali,
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Osnovan je oko 1100-ih godina nove ere na mestu gde je sad Mali,
00:34
the city of Timbuktu started out as an unremarkable trading post.
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grad Timbuktu u početku bio je beznačajno trgovačko mesto.
00:38
But its unique location soon changed that.
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Ali, njegova jedinstvena lokacija ubrzo je to promenila.
00:42
Timbuktu marked the intersection of two essential trade routes,
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Timbuktu je obeležavao ukrštanje dve veoma važne trgovačke rute,
00:46
where caravans bringing salt across the Sahara
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gde su se karavani koji su donosili so preko Sahare
00:49
met with traders bringing gold from the African interior.
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sastajali sa trgovcima koji su donosili zlato iz unutrašnjosti Afrike.
00:53
By the late 1300s, these trade routes made Timbuktu rich,
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Kasnih 1300-ih, ove trgovačke rute učinile su Timbuktu bogatim,
00:58
and the city’s rulers, the kings of the Mali Empire,
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a gradski vladari, kraljevi carstva Mali,
01:01
built monuments and academies that drew scholars
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izgradili su spomenike i akademije koje su privlačile naučnike
01:04
from Egypt, Spain, and Morocco.
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iz Egipta, Španije i Maroka.
01:07
The city’s prime location also made it a target for warlords and conquerors.
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Ova važna lokacija grada bila je i meta za vojskovođe i osvajače.
01:12
As the Mali Empire declined, one of its domains, Songhai,
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Kako je slabilo carstvo Malija, jedno od njegovih oblasti, Songaj,
01:16
began to gain power.
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dobijalo je na snazi.
01:18
In 1468, the Songhai king conquered Timbuktu,
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1468. godine, kralj Songaja osvojio je Timbuktu,
01:23
burning buildings and murdering scholars.
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paleći zgrade i ubijajući naučnike.
01:26
But in time, intellectual life in the city flourished again.
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Ali, vremenom, intelektualni život u gradu ponovo je procvetao.
01:31
The reign of the second king of the Songhai Empire,
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Vladavina drugog kralja songajskog carstva,
01:34
Askia Mohammed Toure,
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Askije Mohameda Turea,
01:36
marked the beginning of a golden age in Timbuktu.
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označeno je kao početak zlatnog doba u Timbuktuu.
01:40
He reversed his predecessor’s regressive policies
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Promenio je regresivnu politiku svog prethodnika
01:43
and encouraged learning.
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i ohrabrivao je učenje.
01:45
The Songhai rulers and most of Timbuktu’s population were Muslim,
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Vladari Songaja i većina stanovništva Timbuktua bili su muslimani,
01:50
and the scholars of Timbuktu studied Islam
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a naučnici Timbuktua su izučavali Islam
01:52
alongside secular topics like mathematics and philosophy.
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uporedo sa sekularnim temama kao što su matematika i filozofija.
01:57
In the libraries of Timbuktu,
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U bibliotekama Timbuktua,
01:58
tracts of Greek philosophy stood alongside the writings
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pamfleti grčke filozofije stajali su uporedo sa spisima
02:02
of local historians, scientists, and poets.
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lokalnih istoričara, naučnika i pesnika.
02:06
The city’s most prominent scholar, Ahmed Baba,
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Najpoznatiji naučnik ovog grada, Ahmed Baba,
02:09
challenged prevailing opinions on subjects
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doveo je u pitanje preovlađujuća mišljenja o temama
02:12
ranging from smoking to slavery.
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sve od pušenja do ropstva.
02:15
Gold and salt trade had funded the city’s transformation
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Trgovina zlatom i solju finansirali su gradsku transformaciju
02:19
into a center of learning.
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u centar za učenje.
02:21
Now, the products of that intellectual culture
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Sada, proizvodi te intelektualne kulture
02:24
became the most sought-after commodity.
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postali su najtraženija roba.
02:27
With paper from faraway Venice
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Sa papirom iz daleke Venecije
02:29
and vibrant ink from local plants and minerals,
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i upadljivim mastilom lokalnih biljaka i minerala,
02:32
the scribes of Timbuktu produced texts in both Arabic
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pisari Timbuktua pisali su spise i na arapskom
02:36
and local languages.
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i na lokalnim jezicima.
02:38
Written in calligraphy and decorated with intricate geometric designs,
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Napisane krasopisno i ukrašeno složenim geometrijskim šarama,
02:43
the books of Timbuktu were in demand among the wealthiest members of society.
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knjige Timbuktua su bile tražene među najbogatijim članovima društva.
02:49
In 1591, the golden age came to an abrupt end
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1591. godine Zlatno doba se naglo završilo
02:53
when the Moroccan king captured Timbuktu.
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kad je marokanski kralj osvojio Timbuktu.
02:56
Moroccan forces imprisoned Ahmed Baba and other prominent scholars
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Marokanske snage zarobile su Ahmeda Babu i druge istaknute naučnike
03:01
and confiscated their libraries.
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i konfiskovale njihove biblioteke.
03:03
In the centuries that followed, the city weathered a succession of conquests.
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Narednih vekova, ovaj grad preživeo je niz osvajanja.
03:09
In the mid-1800s, Sufi Jihadists occupied Timbuktu
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Sredinom 19. veka, Sufi džihadisti okupirali su Timbuktu
03:13
and destroyed many non-religious manuscripts.
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i uništili mnogobrojne nereligijske rukopise.
03:16
1894, French colonial forces seized control of the city,
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1894. godine, francuske kolonijalne snage preuzele su kontrolu nad gradom,
03:21
stealing even more manuscripts and sending them to Europe.
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kradući još više rukopisa i šaljući ih u Evropu.
03:25
French became the official language taught in schools,
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Francuski je postao zvanični jezik koji se učio u školama,
03:28
and new generations in Timbuktu
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pa nove generacije u Timbuktuu
03:30
couldn’t read the Arabic manuscripts that remained.
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nisu mogle da čitaju arapske zapise koji su ostali u gradu.
03:34
Through it all, the literary tradition of Timbuktu didn’t die—
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Za sve to vreme, književna tradicija Timbuktua nije iščeznula,
03:39
it went underground.
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otišla je u ilegalu.
03:42
Some families built secret libraries in their homes,
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Neke porodice su napravile tajne biblioteke u njihovim kućama,
03:45
or buried the books in their gardens.
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ili su zakopavali knjige u svoje bašte.
03:48
Others stashed them in abandoned caves or holes in the desert.
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Drugi su ih skrivali u napuštenim pećinama ili rupama u pustinji.
03:52
The priceless manuscripts of Timbuktu
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Neprocenjivi zapisi Timbuktua
03:55
dispersed to villages throughout the surrounding area,
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raširili su se po selima u okolnoj oblasti,
03:58
where regular citizens guarded them for hundreds of years.
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gde su ih obični građani čuvali stotinama godina.
04:03
As desertification and war impoverished the region,
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Kako su dezertifikacija i rat osiromašili region,
04:07
families held on to the ancient books
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porodice su čuvale drevne knjige
04:09
even as they faced desperate poverty and near-starvation.
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čak i kad su se suočile sa siromaštvom i gladovanjem.
04:14
Even today, the struggle to protect the books continues.
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I dan danas se nastavlja borba za zaštitu knjiga.
04:18
From the 1980s to the early 2000s,
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Od 80-ih godina 20. veka do početka 21. veka,
04:22
Timbuktu scholar Abdel Kader Haidara painstakingly retrieved hidden manuscripts
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timbuktuanski naučnik Abdel Kader Hajdara sa mukom je povratio skrivene zapise
04:27
from all over northern Mali and brought them back to Timbuktu.
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sa celog severa Malija i vratio ih u Timbuktu.
04:32
But in 2012, civil war in Mali once again threatened the manuscripts,
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Ali, 2012. godine, građanski rat u Maliju opet je doveo u opasnost te zapise.
04:37
most of which were evacuated to nearby Bamako.
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Većina njih je bila evakuisana do obližnjeg grada Bamako.
04:41
Their future remains uncertain,
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Njihova budućnost ostaje neizvesna,
04:43
as they face both human and environmental threats.
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jer se suočavaju i sa pretnjama ljudi i pretnjama iz prirode.
04:47
These books represent our best— and often only—
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Ove knjige predstavljaju naše najbolje, i često jedine,
04:51
sources on the pre-colonial history of the region.
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izvore prekolonijalne istorije ove regije.
04:54
Many of them have never been read by modern scholars,
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Mnoge od njih moderni naučnici nikada nisu pročitali,
04:58
and still more remain lost or hidden in the desert.
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a i dalje većina ostaje izgubljena ili sakrivena u pustinji.
05:02
At stake in the efforts to protect them is the history they contain—
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U pitanju su napori da se one zaštite zbog istorije koju sadrže,
05:06
and the efforts of countless generations to protect that history from being lost.
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i napori mnogobrojnih generacija da spasu tu istoriju od zaborava.
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