How does money laundering work? - Delena D. Spann

Kako funkcioniše pranje novca? - Delena D. Span (Delena D. Spann)

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

As one of the most notorious gangsters in history,

Kao jedan od najozloglašenijih gangstera u istoriji,

Al Capone presided over a vast and profitable empire of organized crime.

Al Kapone je gospodario

ogromnim i isplativim carstvom organizovanog kriminala.

When he was finally put on trial,

Kada je konačno izveden na suđenje,

the most he could be convicted of was tax evasion.

najviše za šta je mogao da bude osuđen je bila utaja poreza.

The nearly $100 million a year,

Skoro 100 miliona dolara godišnje,

that's 1.4 billion in today's currency,

to je 1,4 milijarde u današnjem novcu,

that Capone had earned from illegal gambling,

koje je Kapone zarađivao od nezakonitog kockanja,

bootlegging,

švercovanja,

brothels,

bordela

and extortion,

i iznuđivanja

would have served as evidence of his crimes.

trebalo je da služe kao dokazi za njegove zločine.

But the money was nowhere to be found.

Međutim, nije se moglo ući u trag novcu.

Capone and his associates had hidden it through investments in various businesses

Kapone i njegovi saradnici su ga sakrili kroz ulaganja u razne poslove

whose ultimate ownership couldn't be proven,

čiji se krajnji vlasnici nisu mogli otkriti,

like cash-only laundromats.

poput lanaca vešeraja koji su primali jedino gotovinu.

In fact, those laundromats are part of the reason for the name of this activity,

Zapravo, ti vešeraji su delimičan razlog zašto se ova aktivnost tako zove,

money laundering.

pranje novca.

Money laundering came to be the term for any process

Pranje novca je postalo termin za bilo koji proces

that cleans illegally obtained funds of their dirty criminal origins,

kojim se čiste nezakonito stečena sredstva koja imaju prljavo kriminalno poreklo,

allowing them to be used within the legal economy.

čime se omogućuje njihovo korišćenje unutar zakonite ekonomije.

But Capone wasn't the first to launder money.

Međutim, Kapone nije bio prvi ko je prao novac.

In fact, this practice is about as old as money itself.

Zapravo, ova praksa je skoro stara koliko i sam novac.

Merchants hid their riches from tax collecters,

Trgovci su skrivali svoje bogatstvo od ubirača poreza,

and pirates sought to sell their bounty without drawing attention

gusari su težili da prodaju svoje premije a da ne privuku pažnju

to how they got it.

na to kako su ih stekli.

With the recent arrival of virtual currencies,

Sa skorašnjim dolaskom virtuelnih moneta,

offshore banking,

ofšor bankarstva,

the darknet,

mračnog interneta

and global markets,

i globalnog tržišta,

schemes have become much more complex.

spletke su postale sve složenije.

Although modern money laundering methods vary greatly,

Iako savremeni metodi pranja novca uveliko variraju,

most share three basic steps:

većini su zajednička tri osnovna koraka:

placement,

plasman,

layering,

uslojavanje

and integration.

i integracija.

Placement is where illegally obtained money is converted into assets

Plasman je kada se nezakonito stečen novac pretvara u imovinu

that seem legitimate.

koja se čini zakonitom.

That's often done by depositing funds into a bank account

To se često radi tako što se sredstva polažu kao depozit na račun u banci

registered to an anonymous corporation or a professional middleman.

koji je registrovan na anonimnu korporaciju ili profesionalnog posrednika.

This step is where criminals are often most vulnerable to detection

Ovo je korak u kome su kriminalci često najpodložniji razotkrivanju

since they introduce massive wealth into the financial system

jer unose ogromno bogatstvo u sistem finansija,

seemingly out of nowhere.

kako se čini niotkuda.

The second step, layering, involves using multiple transactions

Drugi korak, uslojavanje, uključuje upotrebu višestrukih transakcija

to further distance the funds from their origin.

kako bi se sredstva što više udaljila od njihovog porekla.

This can take the form of transfers between multiple accounts,

Ovo može da bude u vidu transfera između više naloga

or the purchase of tradable property,

ili kupovinom kupoprodajne imovine,

like expensive cars,

poput skupih automobila,

artwork,

umetnina

and real estate.

i nekretnina.

Casinos, where large sums of money change hands every second,

Kazina, u kojima ogromne sume novca u svakoj sekundi prelaze iz ruke u ruku,

are also popular venues for layering.

su takođe popularna mesta za uslojavanje.

A money launderer may have their gambling balance made available

Perač novca može da ima svoj kockarski bilans na raspolaganju

at a casino chain's locations in other countries,

u lancima kazina smeštenim u drugim državama

or work with employees to rig games.

ili može da sarađuje sa zaposlenima i namešta igre.

The last step, integration, allows clean money to re-enter the mainstream economy

Poslednji korak, integracija, omogućuje čistom novcu da uđe u glavnu ekonomiju

and to benefit the original criminal.

i da bude od koristi prvobitnom kriminalcu.

They might invest it into a legal business

Kriminalci mogu da ga ulože u zakonit posao,

claiming payment by producing fake invoices,

pravdajući uplate lažnim fakturama

or even start a bogus charity,

ili čak mogu da osnuju kvazi-dobrotvornu organizaciju,

placing themselves on the board of directors

smeštajući sebe u odbor direktora

with an exorbitant salary.

sa izdašnom platom.

Money laundering itself

Samo pranje novca

wasn't officially recognized as a federal crime in the United States until 1986.

nije zvanično prepoznato kao federalni zločin u Sjedinjenim Državama do 1986.

Before that point, the government needed to prosecute a related crime,

Pre toga, vlada je morala da sudi za povezan zločin,

like tax evasion.

poput utaje poreza.

From 1986 on, they could confiscate wealth simply by demonstrating

Od 1986. na dalje, mogli su da zaplene bogatstvo, jednostavno pokazujući

that concealment had occurred,

da je došlo do prikrivanja,

which had a positive effect on prosecuting major criminal operations,

što je imalo pozitivan uticaj na suđenje većim kriminalnim operacijama,

like drug traffickers.

poput trgovaca narkoticima.

However, a legal shift has raised concerns

Međutim, zakonska izmena je pokrenula zabrinutost,

involving privacy and government surveillance.

između ostalog, zbog privatnosti i vladinog nadzora.

Today, the United Nations,

Trenutno, Ujedinjene nacije,

national governments,

nacionalne vlade

and various nonprofits

i razne neprofitne organizacije

fight against money laundering,

se bore protiv pranja novca,

yet the practice continues to play a major role in global crime.

a ipak, ono i dalje ima važnu ulogu u globalnom zločinu.

And the most high-profile instances of money laundering

A najvisokoprofilniji primeri pranja novca

have involved not just private individuals,

su uključivali, ne samo privatna lica,

but major financial institutions and government officials.

već i veće finansijske institucije i vladine zvaničnike.

No one knows for sure the total amount of money

Niko zasigurno ne zna ukupnu količinu novca

that's laundered on a yearly basis,

koja se opere na godišnjem nivou,

but some organizations estimate it to be in the hundreds of billions of dollars.

ali neke organizacije procenjuju da se radi o stotinama milijardi dolara.