The secret messages of Viking runestones - Jesse Byock

728,003 views ใƒป 2020-02-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the 8th century CE, Vikings surged across the misty seas.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 8 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ื™ื.
00:12
They came from Scandinavia in Northern Europe
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
00:15
but would travel far and wide.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืกืขื• ื”ืจื—ืง ื•ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื.
00:17
Some plundered and settled in the British Isles and France;
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ื›ืžื” ื‘ื–ื–ื• ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืจืคืช;
00:20
others braved Artic exploration
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื—ืงืจ ืืจืงื˜ื™
00:22
or forged clever new trade routes to the Middle East.
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ืื• ื—ื™ืฉืœื• ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืกื—ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:26
With their steely navigational skills, advanced long-ships and fearsome tactics,
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ืขื ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืื™ืžืชื ื™ืช,
00:31
the Vikings sustained their seafaring for over three hundred years.
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ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื”.
00:35
But for all their might, they left few monuments.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืงื, ื”ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื.
00:38
Instead, fragments of stone, bark, and bone
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืื‘ืŸ, ืงืœื™ืคืช ืขืฅ ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช
00:41
provide the keys to their culture.
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ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืชื.
00:44
Found in graves, bogs, and sites of ancient settlements,
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช, ื•ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”,
00:47
many of these objects are inscribed
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ืจื•ื˜ื™ื
00:49
with messages in Old Norse written in runic letters.
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ืขื ืžืกืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืจืกื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
00:53
But the Vikings also scratched runes into household goods,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื’ื ื—ืจื˜ื• ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช,
00:56
jewellery, weapons, and even shoes.
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ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื, ื ืฉืงื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืขืœื™ื™ื.
00:59
Deciphering these messages is no easy task.
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ืคื™ืขื ื•ื— ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืงืœื”.
01:02
Runes are short, straight, and diagonal lines
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ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื, ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™ื™ื
01:05
that make up an alphabet called the โ€œfuthark.โ€
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจื "ืคื•ืชื”ืจืง."
01:07
All classes of people spoke and wrote this language, in many different dialects.
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ื›ืœ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:12
There was no standard spelling, they wrote the individual runic letters
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™, ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
01:16
by pronouncing the sounds of their regional accents.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:19
Some of these inscriptions also bore the influence of other cultures
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืฉืื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
01:22
the Vikings interacted withโ€”
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ืฉื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื”ืชืขืจื• ืื™ืชื --
01:24
the runic inscription โ€œlove conquers all,โ€ for example,
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ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื•ื ื™ืช "ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœ," ืœืžืฉืœ,
01:28
is originally a Latin phrase from the poet Virgil.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื™ืจื’ื™ืœ.
01:31
Many, like the enigmatic Rok runestone, were carved in verse,
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ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื™ื’ืžื˜ื™ืช ืจื•ืง, ื ื—ืจื˜ื• ื‘ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื,
01:35
highlighting the tradition of Old Norse poetry.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจืกื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
01:39
So even though modern runologists can read runes,
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืจื•ื ื™ื,
01:41
their meaning isnโ€™t always obvious.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
01:44
Still, in spite of the remaining mysteries,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื•,
01:47
many inscriptions memorializing the dead
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื ืฆื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื
01:49
and recording local histories have been decipheredโ€”
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ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืขื ื—ื• --
01:52
along with some containing magical incantations.
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ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื ืงืกื•ืžื™ื.
01:56
The Ramsund runes in Sweden are carved on a rocky outcrop beside a bridge
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ื”ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืžืกื•ื ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื—ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืกืœืขื™ ืœื™ื“ ื’ืฉืจ
02:00
for travelers passing over swampy ground.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื•ืจื— ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฆืชื™ืช.
02:02
This causeway was commissioned by a prominent local woman named Sigriฬรฐr.
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ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืฉื ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืจ.
02:07
She proclaimed both her importance and her familyโ€™s power
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”
02:10
by carving their names in stone,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ื˜ืช ืฉืžื ื‘ืื‘ืŸ,
02:12
and even associated herself and her family with mythical heroism
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ืฉืจื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื™ืชื™ืช
02:16
by carving illustrations of Sigurd the dragon slayer.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ื˜ืช ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื’ื•ืจื“ ืงื•ื˜ืœ ื”ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื.
02:19
In the town of Jelling in Denmark,
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง,
02:22
two standing stones from the 10th century
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ืฉืชื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 10
02:24
memorialize different generations of a royal family.
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ืžื ืฆื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
02:27
The first was erected by King Gorm the Old in memory of his Queen Thyrvi,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ืžืœื›ืชื• ืชโ€™ื™ื™ืจื‘ื™,
02:32
and the second by their son, Harald Bluetooth, after Gormโ€™s death.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื ื”ืจืืœื“ ื‘ืœื•ืชื•ืชโ€™, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื.
02:36
The stones announce the power of this Viking Age dynasty,
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ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
02:40
and they are among the earliest historical documents of Denmark.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžืจืง.
02:43
They indicate that Denmark was the earliest major Viking Age kingdom,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื“ื ืžืจืง ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
02:47
by telling that Harald controlled southern Norway,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ืจืœื“ ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:50
and that he converted to Christianity.
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ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืžืจ ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช.
02:52
Today, Harald Bluetoothโ€™s initials make up the Bluetooth logo.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืœื“ ื‘ืœื•ืชื•ืชโ€ฒ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ืชื•ืชโ€™.
02:57
The 10th century warrior poet Egil was a well-known carver of runes.
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ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 10 ืื™ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืจื™ื˜ืช ืจื•ื ื™ื.
03:02
According to poetic accounts, he once carved runes on a horn filled with poison,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืคืขื ื—ืจื˜ ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืŸ ืžืœืื” ืจืขืœ,
03:07
causing the horn to shatter.
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ื•ื’ืจื ืœืงืจืŸ ืœื”ื ืคืฅ.
ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ,
03:09
In another story,
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03:10
Egil saves a young girlโ€™s life by placing a piece of whale bone
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ืื™ื•ืœ ืžืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื ืขืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉื ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ
03:14
carved with healing runes under her pillow.
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ื—ืจื•ื˜ื” ืขื ืจื•ื ื™ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
03:17
Norse poetry tells of runic spells, cast to ensure calm seas,
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ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจืกื™ืช ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ืœื—ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืคื ื™ ื™ื ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื,
ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:22
safe childbirth and triumphant battles.
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03:24
But the exact nature of these spells isnโ€™t fully understoodโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™ --
03:28
many of the inscriptions on swords, axes, and spears are indecipherable.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื’ืจื–ื ื™ื, ื•ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
03:32
Other objects, like the Lindholm amulet,
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ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืœื™ื ื“ื”ื•ืœื,
03:35
have inscriptions that could be incantations, riddles,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
03:38
or religious messages.
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ืื• ืžืกืจื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื.
03:40
While itโ€™s difficult to pinpoint the end of the Viking era,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™,
03:43
by 1100 CE their sea-borne expansion had mostly come to an end.
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ืขื“ 1100 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ืฆื”.
03:48
However, people continued to speak versions of Old Norse
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืกื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”
03:51
throughout Scandinavia;
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”;
03:53
and runes remained in use in rural areas into the 19th century.
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ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืžืื” ื” 19.
03:57
Today, many runestones remain standing at their original sites.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื‘ื ื™ ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:02
The inscription on the Danish Glavendrup stone
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ื”ื—ืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืœื‘ื ื“ืจื•ืค
04:05
has fearsomely declared for a thousand years:
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ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”:
04:08
โ€œA warlock be he who damages this stone or drags it in memory of another!โ€
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โ€œืžื›ืฉืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื• ืื• ื™ื’ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœื–ื›ืจ ืื—ืจ!โ€
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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