The secret messages of Viking runestones - Jesse Byock

739,662 views ใƒป 2020-02-20

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Soyun Cho ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hyemin Jang
00:07
In the 8th century CE, Vikings surged across the misty seas.
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์„œ๊ธฐ 8์„ธ๊ธฐ, ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น๋“ค์€ ์•ˆ๊ฐœ ์ง™์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํ•ญํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:12
They came from Scandinavia in Northern Europe
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜,
00:15
but would travel far and wide.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋จผ ๊ณณ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ญํ•ดํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:17
Some plundered and settled in the British Isles and France;
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฌ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋ฅผ ์•ฝํƒˆํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
00:20
others braved Artic exploration
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์šฉ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ๊ทน์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
00:22
or forged clever new trade routes to the Middle East.
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์ค‘๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ต์—ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
With their steely navigational skills, advanced long-ships and fearsome tactics,
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๊ฐ•์ฒ  ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ญํ•ด์ˆ , ์„ ์ง„์ ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ์„ ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ ์ „์ˆ  ๋•๋ถ„์—,
00:31
the Vikings sustained their seafaring for over three hundred years.
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๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น๋“ค์˜ ํ•ญํ•ด๋Š” 300๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
But for all their might, they left few monuments.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ„๋ ฅ์— ๋น„ํ•ด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
Instead, fragments of stone, bark, and bone
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๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋Œ ์กฐ๊ฐ, ๋‚˜๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์ง€์™€ ๋ผˆ๋Š”
00:41
provide the keys to their culture.
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๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
Found in graves, bogs, and sites of ancient settlements,
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๋ฌด๋ค, ์Šต์ง€, ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ
00:47
many of these objects are inscribed
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๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜
00:49
with messages in Old Norse written in runic letters.
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๋ฃฌ ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
But the Vikings also scratched runes into household goods,
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์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น๋“ค์€ ์ƒํ™œํ’ˆ,
00:56
jewellery, weapons, and even shoes.
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๋ณด์„, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์‹ ๋ฐœ์—๋„ ๋ฃฌ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
Deciphering these messages is no easy task.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
Runes are short, straight, and diagonal lines
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๋ฃฌ์€ ์งง๊ณ  ์ง์„ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋น„์Šค๋“ฌํ•œ ์„ ๋“ค๋กœ,
01:05
that make up an alphabet called the โ€œfuthark.โ€
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"ํ“จํƒ€๋ฅดํฌ"๋ผ๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
All classes of people spoke and wrote this language, in many different dialects.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
There was no standard spelling, they wrote the individual runic letters
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ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ๋งž์ถค๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง€์—ญ ์–ต์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
01:16
by pronouncing the sounds of their regional accents.
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๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ฃฌ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
Some of these inscriptions also bore the influence of other cultures
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋น„๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น์ด ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋˜
01:22
the Vikings interacted withโ€”
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
the runic inscription โ€œlove conquers all,โ€ for example,
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์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€, ๋ฃฌ ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ "์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๊ธด๋‹ค"๋Š”
01:28
is originally a Latin phrase from the poet Virgil.
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๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ธ ๋ฒ„์งˆ์ด ์“ด ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
Many, like the enigmatic Rok runestone, were carved in verse,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ขฑ ๋ฃฌ์Šคํ†ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ, ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฃฌ์Šคํ†ค์—๋Š”
01:35
highlighting the tradition of Old Norse poetry.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‹œ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋ฌธ์ด ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
So even though modern runologists can read runes,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฃฌ ํ•ด๋…๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฃฌ์„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:41
their meaning isnโ€™t always obvious.
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๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Still, in spite of the remaining mysteries,
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๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:47
many inscriptions memorializing the dead
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๊ณ ์ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณผ
01:49
and recording local histories have been decipheredโ€”
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์ง€์—ญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ํ•ด๋…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
along with some containing magical incantations.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋งˆ์ˆ  ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋„์š”.
01:56
The Ramsund runes in Sweden are carved on a rocky outcrop beside a bridge
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์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ๋žŒ์„ ๋“œ ๋ฃฌ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์˜†์˜ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐ”์œ„์— ๊ฐ์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:00
for travelers passing over swampy ground.
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๋Šช์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
This causeway was commissioned by a prominent local woman named Sigriฬรฐr.
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์ด ๋‘‘๊ธธ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ ์‹œ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋”๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
She proclaimed both her importance and her familyโ€™s power
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง€์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ ค
02:10
by carving their names in stone,
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๋Œ์— ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
and even associated herself and her family with mythical heroism
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์‹ ํ™”์ ์ธ ์˜์›…์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ด€ ์ง€์œผ๋ ค
02:16
by carving illustrations of Sigurd the dragon slayer.
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๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค ํ•™์‚ด์ž ์‹œ๊ตฌ๋ฅดํŠธ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
In the town of Jelling in Denmark,
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๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์„ ์˜๋ง์—์„œ,
02:22
two standing stones from the 10th century
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10์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„์„์€
02:24
memorialize different generations of a royal family.
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์™•์กฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
The first was erected by King Gorm the Old in memory of his Queen Thyrvi,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋น„์„์€ ์™•๋น„ ํ‹ฐ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ๋Š™์€ ๊ณ ๋ฆ„ ์™•์ด ์„ธ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
and the second by their son, Harald Bluetooth, after Gormโ€™s death.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ํ—ค๋Ÿด๋“œ ๋ธ”๋ฃจํˆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ฆ„์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ํ›„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋น„์„์„ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
The stones announce the power of this Viking Age dynasty,
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์ด ๋น„์„๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์„ ํฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:40
and they are among the earliest historical documents of Denmark.
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๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
They indicate that Denmark was the earliest major Viking Age kingdom,
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๋˜, ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์™•๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:47
by telling that Harald controlled southern Norway,
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ํ—ค๋Ÿด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ต์น˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:50
and that he converted to Christianity.
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๊ธฐ๋…๊ต๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ข…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
Today, Harald Bluetoothโ€™s initials make up the Bluetooth logo.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ํ—ค๋Ÿด๋“œ ๋ธ”๋ฃจํˆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…œ์€ ๋ธ”๋ฃจํˆฌ์Šค ์‚ฌ ๋กœ๊ณ ์˜ ์‹œ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
The 10th century warrior poet Egil was a well-known carver of runes.
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๊ตฐ์ธ์ด์ž ์‹œ์ธ ์—๊ธธ์€ 10์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฃฌ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
According to poetic accounts, he once carved runes on a horn filled with poison,
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์‹œ ์„ค๋ช…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ๋ฟ”์— ๋ฃฌ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ธํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
03:07
causing the horn to shatter.
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๋ฟ”์„ ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถ€์ˆœ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
In another story,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š”
03:10
Egil saves a young girlโ€™s life by placing a piece of whale bone
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์—๊ธธ์ด ์น˜์œ  ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ƒˆ๊ธด ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ‘์— ๋†“์•„์„œ
03:14
carved with healing runes under her pillow.
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ํ•œ ์†Œ๋…€์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
Norse poetry tells of runic spells, cast to ensure calm seas,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฃฌ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•, ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ž ์žฌ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฌธ
03:22
safe childbirth and triumphant battles.
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์ถœ์‚ฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
But the exact nature of these spells isnโ€™t fully understoodโ€”
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
many of the inscriptions on swords, axes, and spears are indecipherable.
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๊ฒ€, ๋„๋ผ, ์ฐฝ์˜ ๊ฐ์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๋…์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
Other objects, like the Lindholm amulet,
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๋ฆฐ๋“œํ™€๋ฆ„ ๋ถ€์ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์—๋Š”
03:35
have inscriptions that could be incantations, riddles,
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๋งˆ๋ฒ• ์ฃผ๋ฌธ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ ํ˜น์€ ์ข…๊ต์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
03:38
or religious messages.
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์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
While itโ€™s difficult to pinpoint the end of the Viking era,
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๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •์ง“๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ,
03:43
by 1100 CE their sea-borne expansion had mostly come to an end.
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ ํ™•์žฅ์€ ์„œ๊ธฐ 1100๋…„์ฏค ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋์ด ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
However, people continued to speak versions of Old Norse
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์–ด๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ์†Œํ†ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
throughout Scandinavia;
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์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„ ์ผ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:53
and runes remained in use in rural areas into the 19th century.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ณจ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฃฌ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
Today, many runestones remain standing at their original sites.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฃฌ ์Šคํ†ค์€ ์›๋ž˜์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
The inscription on the Danish Glavendrup stone
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๋ด๋งˆํฌ ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฒค๋“œ๋Ÿฝ ๋Œ์˜ ๊ฐ์ธ์€
04:05
has fearsomely declared for a thousand years:
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์™ธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
โ€œA warlock be he who damages this stone or drags it in memory of another!โ€
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"๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น„์„์„ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ(๋น„์ •์ƒ)๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ!"
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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