The secret messages of Viking runestones - Jesse Byock

705,633 views ・ 2020-02-20

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Soyun Cho κ²€ν† : Hyemin Jang
00:07
In the 8th century CE, Vikings surged across the misty seas.
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μ„œκΈ° 8μ„ΈκΈ°, 바이킹듀은 μ•ˆκ°œ 짙은 λ°”λ‹€λ₯Ό ν•­ν•΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:12
They came from Scandinavia in Northern Europe
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이듀은 뢁유럽의 μŠ€μΉΈλ””λ‚˜λΉ„μ•„ μΆœμ‹ μ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜,
00:15
but would travel far and wide.
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훨씬 더 λ¨Ό κ³³κΉŒμ§€ ν•­ν•΄ν–ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:17
Some plundered and settled in the British Isles and France;
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μ–΄λ–€ 이듀은 영ꡭ의 섬과 ν”„λž‘μŠ€λ₯Ό μ•½νƒˆν•œ ν›„ 그곳에 μ •μ°©ν–ˆκ³ ,
00:20
others braved Artic exploration
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λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€ μš©κ°ν•˜κ²Œ 뢁극을 νƒν—˜ν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
00:22
or forged clever new trade routes to the Middle East.
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μ€‘λ™μœΌλ‘œ ν–₯ν•˜λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ΅μ—­λ‘œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  무리 λ˜ν•œ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
With their steely navigational skills, advanced long-ships and fearsome tactics,
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κ°•μ²  같은 ν•­ν•΄μˆ , 선진적인 바이킹 μ„ κ³Ό λ¬΄μ‹œλ¬΄μ‹œν•œ μ „μˆ  덕뢄에,
00:31
the Vikings sustained their seafaring for over three hundred years.
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λ°”μ΄ν‚Ήλ“€μ˜ ν•­ν•΄λŠ” 300λ…„ 이상 μ§€μ†λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
But for all their might, they left few monuments.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μœ„λ ₯에 λΉ„ν•΄, 그듀이 남긴 기념물듀은 거의 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
Instead, fragments of stone, bark, and bone
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λ‹€λ§Œ, 돌 쑰각, λ‚˜λ­‡κ°€μ§€μ™€ λΌˆλŠ”
00:41
provide the keys to their culture.
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바이킹 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” 큰 μ‹€λ§ˆλ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
Found in graves, bogs, and sites of ancient settlements,
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무덀, μŠ΅μ§€, κ³ λŒ€ μ •μ°©μ§€μ—μ„œ 발견된
00:47
many of these objects are inscribed
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λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ λ¬Όκ±΄μ—μ„œ κ³ λŒ€ 뢁유럽의
00:49
with messages in Old Norse written in runic letters.
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룬 문자둜 μƒˆκ²¨μ§„ 메세지듀이 λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
But the Vikings also scratched runes into household goods,
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이 외에도 바이킹듀은 μƒν™œν’ˆ,
00:56
jewellery, weapons, and even shoes.
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보석, 무기 심지어 μ‹ λ°œμ—λ„ 룬 문자λ₯Ό μƒˆκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
Deciphering these messages is no easy task.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ“€μ€ ν•΄λ…ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
Runes are short, straight, and diagonal lines
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룬은 짧고 직선이며 λΉ„μŠ€λ“¬ν•œ μ„ λ“€λ‘œ,
01:05
that make up an alphabet called the β€œfuthark.”
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"퓨타λ₯΄ν¬"λΌλŠ” μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³μ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
All classes of people spoke and wrote this language, in many different dialects.
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λͺ¨λ“  κ³„μΈ΅μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 이 μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ λ§ν•˜κ³  썼으며, μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 방언도 μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
There was no standard spelling, they wrote the individual runic letters
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ν‘œμ€€ν™”λœ λ§žμΆ€λ²•μ΄ μ—†μ—ˆλŠ”λ°, 지역 얡양에 λ”°λΌμ„œ
01:16
by pronouncing the sounds of their regional accents.
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λ…μžμ μΈ 룬 문자λ₯Ό 썼기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
Some of these inscriptions also bore the influence of other cultures
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ 비문듀은 바이킹이 ꡐλ₯˜ν–ˆλ˜
01:22
the Vikings interacted withβ€”
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έν™”κΆŒμ˜ 영ν–₯을 받기도 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
the runic inscription β€œlove conquers all,” for example,
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μ˜ˆμ»¨λŒ€, 룬 문자둜 쓰인 "μ‚¬λž‘μ΄ λͺ¨λ“  것을 이긴닀"λŠ”
01:28
is originally a Latin phrase from the poet Virgil.
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본래 μ‹œμΈ λ²„μ§ˆμ΄ μ“΄ 라틴어 κ΅¬μ ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
Many, like the enigmatic Rok runestone, were carved in verse,
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수수께끼 같은 λ’± λ£¬μŠ€ν†€μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ, λ§Žμ€ λ£¬μŠ€ν†€μ—λŠ”
01:35
highlighting the tradition of Old Norse poetry.
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κ³ λŒ€ 뢁유럽 μ‹œμ˜ 전톡을 κ°•μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” 운문이 μƒˆκ²¨μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
So even though modern runologists can read runes,
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ν˜„λŒ€ 룬 해독가가 룬을 μ†Œλ¦¬ λ‚΄ 읽을 μˆ˜λŠ” μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:41
their meaning isn’t always obvious.
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κ·Έ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ 항상 λͺ…ν™•ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
Still, in spite of the remaining mysteries,
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λ°ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 것이 λ§Žμ§€λ§Œ,
01:47
many inscriptions memorializing the dead
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고인을 κΈ°λ¦¬λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 각인과
01:49
and recording local histories have been decipheredβ€”
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지역 역사 기둝은 ν•΄λ…λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
along with some containing magical incantations.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ 마술 μ£Όλ¬Έλ„μš”.
01:56
The Ramsund runes in Sweden are carved on a rocky outcrop beside a bridge
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μŠ€μ›¨λ΄μ˜ λžŒμ„ λ“œ 룬은 닀리 μ˜†μ˜ λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•œ λ°”μœ„μ— κ°μΈλ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
02:00
for travelers passing over swampy ground.
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λŠͺμ§€λŒ€λ₯Ό κ±΄λ„ˆλŠ” μ—¬ν–‰μžλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ λ‹€λ¦¬μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
This causeway was commissioned by a prominent local woman named Sigríðr.
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이 둑길은 μ§€μ—­μ˜ 유λͺ…ν•œ 여성인 μ‹œκ·Έλ¦¬λ”κ°€ μ œμž‘ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
She proclaimed both her importance and her family’s power
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μžμ‹ μ˜ μ§€μœ„μ™€ κ°€μ‘±μ˜ ꢌλ ₯을 μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λ €
02:10
by carving their names in stone,
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λŒμ— κ°€μ‘±μ˜ 이름을 κ°μΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
and even associated herself and her family with mythical heroism
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심지어 신화적인 μ˜μ›…μ£Όμ˜μ™€ μžμ‹ κ³Ό 가쑱을 μ—°κ΄€ μ§€μœΌλ €
02:16
by carving illustrations of Sigurd the dragon slayer.
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λ“œλž˜κ³€ ν•™μ‚΄μž μ‹œκ΅¬λ₯΄νŠΈμ˜ κ·Έλ¦ΌκΉŒμ§€ κ°μΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
In the town of Jelling in Denmark,
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덴마크의 λ§ˆμ„ μ˜λ§μ—μ„œ,
02:22
two standing stones from the 10th century
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10μ„ΈκΈ°λΆ€ν„° μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λ˜ 두 개의 비석은
02:24
memorialize different generations of a royal family.
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각기 λ‹€λ₯Έ 왕쑱을 κΈ°λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
The first was erected by King Gorm the Old in memory of his Queen Thyrvi,
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첫 번째 비석은 μ™•λΉ„ 티라λ₯Ό 기리고자 λŠ™μ€ 고름 왕이 μ„Έμš΄ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
and the second by their son, Harald Bluetooth, after Gorm’s death.
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그의 μ•„λ“€ ν—€λŸ΄λ“œ λΈ”λ£¨νˆ¬μŠ€κ°€ 고름이 죽은 ν›„ 두 번째 비석을 μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
The stones announce the power of this Viking Age dynasty,
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이 비석듀은 바이킹 μ™•μ‘°μ˜ ꢌλ ₯을 μ„ ν¬ν•˜μ˜€μ„ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:40
and they are among the earliest historical documents of Denmark.
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덴마크의 κ°€μž₯ 초창기 역사 기둝 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
They indicate that Denmark was the earliest major Viking Age kingdom,
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또, λ΄λ§ˆν¬κ°€ 초기 바이킹 μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ μ£Όμš” 왕ꡭ인 것을 μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ”λ°
02:47
by telling that Harald controlled southern Norway,
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ν—€λŸ΄λ“œκ°€ λ…Έλ₯΄μ›¨μ΄ 남뢀λ₯Ό ν†΅μΉ˜ν–ˆκ³ 
02:50
and that he converted to Christianity.
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κΈ°λ…κ΅λ‘œ κ°œμ’…ν•œ κ²ƒκΉŒμ§€ κΈ°λ‘λ˜μ–΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
Today, Harald Bluetooth’s initials make up the Bluetooth logo.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , ν—€λŸ΄λ“œ λΈ”λ£¨νˆ¬μŠ€μ˜ μ΄λ‹ˆμ…œμ€ λΈ”λ£¨νˆ¬μŠ€ 사 둜고의 μ‹œμ΄ˆκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
The 10th century warrior poet Egil was a well-known carver of runes.
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ꡰ인이자 μ‹œμΈ 에길은 10세기에 유λͺ…ν•œ 룬 μ‘°κ°κ°€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
According to poetic accounts, he once carved runes on a horn filled with poison,
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μ‹œ μ„€λͺ…에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, κ·Έκ°€ λ…μœΌλ‘œ 가득 μ°¬ 뿔에 룬 문자λ₯Ό κ°μΈν•˜λ‹€κ°€
03:07
causing the horn to shatter.
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뿔을 산산이 λΆ€μˆœ 적이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
In another story,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:10
Egil saves a young girl’s life by placing a piece of whale bone
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에길이 치유 주문을 μƒˆκΈ΄ 고래 뼈λ₯Ό 베개 밑에 λ†“μ•„μ„œ
03:14
carved with healing runes under her pillow.
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ν•œ μ†Œλ…€μ˜ 생λͺ…을 κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
Norse poetry tells of runic spells, cast to ensure calm seas,
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κ³ λŒ€ 뢁유럽 μ‹œμ—λŠ” 룬 λ§ˆλ²•, λ°”λ‹€λ₯Ό μž μž¬μš°λŠ” μ£Όλ¬Έ
03:22
safe childbirth and triumphant battles.
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μΆœμ‚°μ˜ μ•ˆμ „κ³Ό μ „μŸμ˜ 승리λ₯Ό κΈ°μ›ν•˜λŠ” 주문이 λ“±μž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
But the exact nature of these spells isn’t fully understoodβ€”
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ μ£Όλ¬Έλ“€μ˜ μ •ν™•ν•œ μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ λ°ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
many of the inscriptions on swords, axes, and spears are indecipherable.
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κ²€, 도끼, 창의 각인듀은 해독이 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 것듀이 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
Other objects, like the Lindholm amulet,
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λ¦°λ“œν™€λ¦„ 뢀적을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Όκ±΄μ—λŠ”
03:35
have inscriptions that could be incantations, riddles,
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λ§ˆλ²• μ£Όλ¬Έ, 수수께끼 ν˜Ήμ€ 쒅ꡐ적인 λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ‘œ μΆ”μ •λ˜λŠ” 것듀이
03:38
or religious messages.
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μƒˆκ²¨μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
While it’s difficult to pinpoint the end of the Viking era,
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바이킹 μ‹œλŒ€κ°€ λλ‚œ μ‹œκΈ°λ₯Ό λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ κ·œμ •μ§“κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ ΅μ§€λ§Œ,
03:43
by 1100 CE their sea-borne expansion had mostly come to an end.
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μ΄λ“€μ˜ 해상 ν™•μž₯은 μ„œκΈ° 1100λ…„μ―€ 거의 끝이 λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
However, people continued to speak versions of Old Norse
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ κ³ λŒ€ λΆμœ λŸ½μ–΄λ‘œ 계속 μ†Œν†΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
throughout Scandinavia;
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μŠ€μΉΈλ””λ‚˜λΉ„μ•„ μΌλŒ€μ—μ„œ 말이죠.
03:53
and runes remained in use in rural areas into the 19th century.
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그리고 μ‹œκ³¨ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ” 19세기에도 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 룬 문자λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
Today, many runestones remain standing at their original sites.
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ν˜„μž¬λ„ λ§Žμ€ 룬 μŠ€ν†€μ€ μ›λž˜μ˜ 자리λ₯Ό 지킀고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
The inscription on the Danish Glavendrup stone
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덴마크 κΈ€λΌλ²€λ“œλŸ½ 돌의 각인은
04:05
has fearsomely declared for a thousand years:
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수천 λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ λ¬΄μ‹œλ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κ²Œ μ™ΈμΉ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
β€œA warlock be he who damages this stone or drags it in memory of another!”
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"λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ κΈ°λ…ν•˜λ©° 비석을 ν›Όμ†ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ νŒŒλ‚΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ λ§ˆλ²•μ‚¬(비정상)κ°€ 되리라!"
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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