This tool will help improve your critical thinking - Erick Wilberding

6,480,151 views ใƒป 2021-04-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:08
Socrates, one of the founding fathers of Western philosophical thought,
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ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก, ืื—ื“ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
00:13
was on trial.
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ืขืžื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜.
00:14
Many Athenians believed he was a dangerous enemy of the state,
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ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
00:18
accusing the philosopher of corrupting the youth
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ื•ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ
00:21
and refusing to recognize their gods.
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ื•ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืœื™ื.
00:23
However, Socrates wasnโ€™t feared for claiming to have all the answers,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืคื—ื“ื• ืžืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
00:28
but rather, for asking too many questions.
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฉืืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช.
00:31
While he loathed formal lectures,
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ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ืชื™ืขื‘ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช,
00:34
the philosopher frequently engaged friends and strangers
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ื
00:37
in lengthy conversations about morality and society.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”.
00:41
These discussions werenโ€™t debates, nor would Socrates offer explicit advice.
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื’ื ืœื ื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ื”ื ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช.
00:47
In fact, the philosopher often claimed to know nothing at all,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœื•ื,
00:50
responding to his partner's answers only with further questions.
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื• ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
00:55
But through this process, Socrates probed their logic,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื‘ื“ืง ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื,
00:58
revealing its flaws and helping both parties reach a more robust understanding.
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื” ื•ืขื–ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:04
These insightful questions made Socrates beloved by his followers.
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ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื•.
01:09
Two of his students, Plato and Xenophon, were so inspired
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืงืกื ื•ืคื•ืŸ, ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืฉืจืื”
01:13
that they replicated their mentorโ€™s process in fictional dialogues.
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ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืžืฆืื™ื.
01:17
These invented exchanges provide perfect examples
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ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช
01:21
of what would come to be known as the Socratic Method.
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ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืงืจื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
01:24
In one of these fabricated dialogues,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:27
Socrates is conversing with a young man named Euthydemus,
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ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื“ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืื™ื•ืชื™ื“ืžื•ืก,
01:31
who is confident that he understands the nature of justice and injustice.
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ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื•ืื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง.
01:36
Socrates probes the studentโ€™s values by asking him to label actions
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ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืชื™ื™ื’ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช
01:41
such as lying and theft as just or unjust.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื” ื›ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื• ืœื.
01:45
Euthydemus confidently categorizes them as injustices,
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ืื™ื•ืชื™ื“ืžื•ืก ืžืงื˜ืœื’ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืื™ ืฆื“ืง,
01:49
but this only prompts another question:
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจืช:
01:52
is it just for a general to deceive or pillage a hostile army?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื ืจืœ ืœื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื‘ื–ื•ื– ืฆื‘ื ืขื•ื™ืŸ?
01:57
Euthydemus revises his assertion.
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ืื™ื•ืชื™ื“ืžื•ืก ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื•.
02:00
He claims that these actions are just when done to enemies,
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฆื•ื“ืงื•ืช ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื,
02:03
and unjust when done to friends.
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ื•ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:06
But Socrates isnโ€™t finished.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ืœื ืกื™ื™ื.
02:08
He asks the young man to consider a commander lying to his troops
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืžืฉืงืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื•
02:13
to boost their morale.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืœ.
02:15
Before long, Euthydemus is despondent.
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ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”, ืื™ื•ืชื™โ€™ื“ืžื•ืก ืžื™ื•ืืฉ.
02:18
It seems that every answer leads to further problems,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
02:21
and perhaps heโ€™s not quite sure what constitutes justice after all.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
02:27
In employing this question-oriented approach,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
02:30
Socrates described himself as a midwife,
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ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžื™ื™ืœื“ืช,
02:33
whose inquiries assist others in giving birth to their ideas.
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ืฉื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืœื“ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
02:38
His method of questioning draws out an individualโ€™s unexamined assumptions,
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ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื ื‘ื“ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื,
02:43
and then challenges those biases.
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ื•ืื– ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
02:45
It doesn't always provide definitive answers,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืคืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
02:48
but the method helps clarify the questions
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช
02:50
and eliminate contradictory or circular logic.
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ื•ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืกื•ืชืจืช ืื• ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช.
02:55
And by following a line of inquiry where it logically leads,
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ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืงื• ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”,
02:58
both the question asker and answerer can end up in unexpected places.
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ื’ื ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.
03:04
This technique isnโ€™t limited by the conversationโ€™s content,
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”,
03:08
making it incredibly useful in numerous fields.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
03:11
During the Renaissance, the method was used to teach clinical medicine.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื ืกืื ืก, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืจืคื•ืื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช.
03:15
Students proposed their rationale for different diagnoses,
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:19
while a doctor questioned their assumptions and moderated discussion.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ืคืงืคืง ื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:23
In this model, the method could even produce conclusive results.
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ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช.
03:27
This same approach was later used in other sciences,
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ืื•ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื“ืข ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:30
such as astronomy, botany, and mathematics.
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ื›ืžื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ืงื”, ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
03:34
Following the Protestant Reformation,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช,
03:36
it was adapted to tackle abstract questions of faith.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืชืืžื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื”.
03:40
In the 19th century, the method became an essential part
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
03:43
of American legal education.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
03:46
Professors explored studentsโ€™ understanding of judicial reasoning
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืงื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช
03:50
by challenging them with unforeseen hypothetical situations.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืชื’ืจื• ืื•ืชื ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.
03:55
This approach is still used today by the Supreme Court
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
03:58
to imagine the unintended impacts of passing a law.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืง.
04:02
The Socratic Method can be adapted to teach almost any topic
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื
04:06
that relies on critical reasoning,
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ืฉืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช,
04:09
but its success depends on the teacher employing it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”.
04:12
An effective Socratic educator must be well versed in their subject.
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ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืกื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
04:17
Rather than bullying their students or showing off their superior intellect,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืขืžืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื• ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช,
04:21
they should be modest, genuinely curious, and affirming of every contribution.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื, ืกืงืจื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช, ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
04:26
In this regard, Socrates himself
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ืขืฆืžื•
04:29
may not have been the most subtle Socratic teacher.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื ืš ื”ืกื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ.
04:32
Historians believe he was deeply critical of Athensโ€™ particular brand of democracy,
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืืชื•ื ื”,
04:38
and known to pass those concerns onto his followers.
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ื•ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœืชื•ืžื›ื™ื•.
04:42
These subversive beliefs were distorted in public forums
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืชืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
04:45
and thought to have inspired two of his pupils to treasonous ends.
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•.
04:50
It was likely for these ideas Socrates was brought to trial,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืžืฉืคื˜,
04:53
and eventually, sentenced to death.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
04:56
But even on his deathbed, artists depict a serene philosopherโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ืืžื ื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ื•
05:01
ever curious to explore the ultimate question.
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ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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