This tool will help improve your critical thinking - Erick Wilberding

5,996,006 views ・ 2021-04-12

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Min Kyung Han κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:08
Socrates, one of the founding fathers of Western philosophical thought,
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μ„œμ–‘μ² ν•™μ˜ 기초λ₯Ό μŒ“μ€ μ„ κ΅¬μžμΈ μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€κ°€
00:13
was on trial.
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μž¬νŒμ„ λ°›κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
Many Athenians believed he was a dangerous enemy of the state,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ•„ν…Œλ„€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ·Έκ°€ μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ„ νƒ€λ½μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
00:18
accusing the philosopher of corrupting the youth
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그듀이 λ―ΏλŠ” 신듀을 μΈμ •ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€κ³  λΉ„λ‚œν•˜λ©°
00:21
and refusing to recognize their gods.
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ꡭ가에 ν•΄κ°€ λ˜λŠ” 인물둜 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:23
However, Socrates wasn’t feared for claiming to have all the answers,
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사싀 κ·Έκ°€ λͺ¨λ“  닡을 μ•ˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•΄μ„œ μœ„ν˜‘μ μœΌλ‘œ 받아듀여진 건 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:28
but rather, for asking too many questions.
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였히렀 λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμ€ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ 던쑌기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:31
While he loathed formal lectures,
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν˜•μ‹μ μΈ κ°•μ˜λ₯Ό μ‹«μ–΄ν•œ 반면
00:34
the philosopher frequently engaged friends and strangers
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지인과 νƒ€μΈκΉŒμ§€λ„
00:37
in lengthy conversations about morality and society.
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도덕성과 μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό 주제둜 ν•˜λŠ” κΈ΄ λŒ€ν™”μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:41
These discussions weren’t debates, nor would Socrates offer explicit advice.
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μ΄λŠ” λ…ΌμŸλ„ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆκ³  κ·Έκ°€ λͺ…μΎŒν•œ 쑰언을 μ£ΌλŠ” 것도 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
00:47
In fact, the philosopher often claimed to know nothing at all,
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사싀 κ·ΈλŠ” μžμ‹ μ€ μ•„λŠ” 게 μ „ν˜€ μ—†λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
00:50
responding to his partner's answers only with further questions.
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μƒλŒ€κ°€ 닡을 λ‚΄λ†“μœΌλ©΄ 였히렀 ν•œκ±ΈμŒ 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°„ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λ˜μ§€κ³€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
But through this process, Socrates probed their logic,
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이런 λŒ€ν™” 절차λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ, μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 논리λ₯Ό νƒμƒ‰ν•˜μ—¬
00:58
revealing its flaws and helping both parties reach a more robust understanding.
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λ…Όλ¦¬μ˜ ν—ˆμ μ„ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄, 양츑이 μ’€ 더 νƒ„νƒ„ν•œ ν•©μ˜μ— 이λ₯Ό 수 있게 λ„μ™”μ–΄μš”.
01:04
These insightful questions made Socrates beloved by his followers.
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μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이런 톡찰λ ₯μžˆλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έλ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:09
Two of his students, Plato and Xenophon, were so inspired
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그의 μ œμžλ“€ 쀑, ν”ŒλΌν†€κ³Ό ν¬μ„Έλ…Έν”„λŠ” 그의 영ν–₯을 많이 λ°›μ•„
01:13
that they replicated their mentor’s process in fictional dialogues.
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κ°€μƒμ˜ λŒ€ν™” μ†μ—μ„œ 슀승의 방식을 따라 ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:17
These invented exchanges provide perfect examples
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ κ°€μƒμ˜ λŒ€ν™”λ²•μ€
01:21
of what would come to be known as the Socratic Method.
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€μ‹ λ¬Έλ‹΅λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ λ…Όλ²•μ˜ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ˜ˆκ°€ λ˜μ§€μš”.
01:24
In one of these fabricated dialogues,
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이런 μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€μ‹ λ¬Έλ‹΅ 쀑 ν•œ 예λ₯Ό 보죠.
01:27
Socrates is conversing with a young man named Euthydemus,
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μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€κ°€ μ—μš°νŠ€λ°λͺ¨μŠ€λΌλŠ” μ Šμ€μ΄μ™€ λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„λŠ”λ°
01:31
who is confident that he understands the nature of justice and injustice.
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이 μ Šμ€μ΄λŠ” μžκΈ°κ°€ μ •μ˜μ™€ 뢈의의 λ³Έμ§ˆμ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•œλ‹€κ³  μžμ‹ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:36
Socrates probes the student’s values by asking him to label actions
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μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€λŠ” κ·Έμ—κ²Œ κ±°μ§“λ§μ΄λ‚˜ λ„λ‘‘μ§ˆκ°™μ€ ν–‰μœ„κ°€
01:41
such as lying and theft as just or unjust.
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μ •μ˜λ‘œμš΄μ§€ λΆˆμ˜ν•œμ§€ 말해보라며 그의 κ°€μΉ˜κ΄€μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:45
Euthydemus confidently categorizes them as injustices,
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μ—μš°νŠ€λ°λͺ¨μŠ€λŠ” μ •μ˜λ‘­μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 행동이라고 μžμ‹ μžˆκ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
01:49
but this only prompts another question:
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그의 λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€μ˜ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— 맞λ‹₯뜨리게 λ˜μ§€μš”.
01:52
is it just for a general to deceive or pillage a hostile army?
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μž₯ꡰ이 적ꡰ을 μ†μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ μ•½νƒˆν•˜λŠ” 건 μ •μ˜λ‘œμš΄ 것인가?
01:57
Euthydemus revises his assertion.
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μ—μš°νŠ€λ°λͺ¨μŠ€λŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ μ£Όμž₯을 μˆ˜μ •ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:00
He claims that these actions are just when done to enemies,
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μ μ—κ²Œ ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” μ •μ˜λ‘œμš΄ κ±°κ³ 
02:03
and unjust when done to friends.
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μΉœκ΅¬μ—κ²Œ ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” μ •μ˜λ‘­μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:06
But Socrates isn’t finished.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€λŠ” κ±°κΈ°μ„œ λ©ˆμΆ”μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ§€μš”.
02:08
He asks the young man to consider a commander lying to his troops
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κ·ΈλŠ” λΆ€λŒ€μ˜ 사기λ₯Ό 높이기 μœ„ν•΄ μžμ‹ μ˜ κ΅°μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ 거짓말을 ν•˜λŠ”
02:13
to boost their morale.
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μ§€νœ˜κ΄€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해 보라고 ν–ˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
Before long, Euthydemus is despondent.
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이내, μ—μš°νŠ€λ°λͺ¨μŠ€λŠ” λ‚™λ‹΄ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:18
It seems that every answer leads to further problems,
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κ·Έκ°€ λ‚΄λ†“λŠ” λ‹΅λ³€λ§ˆλ‹€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜κ³ 
02:21
and perhaps he’s not quite sure what constitutes justice after all.
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κ²°κ΅­μ—λŠ” 무엇이 μ •μ˜λ‘œμš΄ 것인지 ν™•μ‹ ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:27
In employing this question-oriented approach,
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μ§ˆλ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘λ˜λŠ”
02:30
Socrates described himself as a midwife,
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즉 λ‚΄κ°€ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ°œμƒμ„ λ•λŠ” 이런 λŒ€ν™”λ²•μ—μ„œ
02:33
whose inquiries assist others in giving birth to their ideas.
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μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€λŠ” μžμ‹ μ„ μ‚°νŒŒλ‘œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:38
His method of questioning draws out an individual’s unexamined assumptions,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ 톡해 개인의 κ²€μ¦λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 가정을 끄집어내고
02:43
and then challenges those biases.
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κ·Έ νŽΈκ²¬μ— 이의λ₯Ό μ œκΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
It doesn't always provide definitive answers,
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이 방법이 μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ μ™„λ²½ν•œ 닡변을 μ£ΌλŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
02:48
but the method helps clarify the questions
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이 방법은 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ λͺ…ν™•νžˆ ν•˜κ³ 
02:50
and eliminate contradictory or circular logic.
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λͺ¨μˆœλ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μˆœν™˜ν•˜λŠ” 논리λ₯Ό ν”Όν•˜λ„λ‘ 도움을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
And by following a line of inquiry where it logically leads,
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꼬리에 꼬리λ₯Ό λ¬΄λŠ” 질문이 μ΄λ„λŠ” 논리적 흐름을 따라가닀 보면
02:58
both the question asker and answerer can end up in unexpected places.
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μ§ˆλ¬Έμžλ‚˜ μ‘λ‹΅μž λͺ¨λ‘ μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ 지점에 도달할 μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμ§€μš”.
03:04
This technique isn’t limited by the conversation’s content,
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μ–΄λ–€ λ‚΄μš©μœΌλ‘œλ„ λŒ€ν™”κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 이 방법은
03:08
making it incredibly useful in numerous fields.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
During the Renaissance, the method was used to teach clinical medicine.
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λ₯΄λ„€μƒμŠ€ μ‹œλŒ€μ—, 이 방법은 μž„μƒμ˜ν•™μ„ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:15
Students proposed their rationale for different diagnoses,
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학생듀이 μ €λ§ˆλ‹€ μƒμ΄ν•œ 진단에 λŒ€ν•œ κ·Όκ±°λ₯Ό μ œκΈ°ν•˜λ©΄
03:19
while a doctor questioned their assumptions and moderated discussion.
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μ˜μ‚¬λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 가정에 μ˜λ¬Έμ„ μ œκΈ°ν•˜κ³  토둠을 μ΄λ•λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
In this model, the method could even produce conclusive results.
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이 방법을 톡해 ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 결둠을 λŒμ–΄λ‚΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆκ³ μš”.
03:27
This same approach was later used in other sciences,
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 방법이 λ‚˜μ€‘μ—λŠ”
03:30
such as astronomy, botany, and mathematics.
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μ²œλ¬Έν•™, 생물학, μˆ˜ν•™κ³Ό 같은 뢄야에도 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
Following the Protestant Reformation,
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μ’…κ΅κ°œν˜ μ΄ν›„μ—λŠ”
03:36
it was adapted to tackle abstract questions of faith.
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κ΄€λ…μ μ΄κΈ°λ§Œ ν•œ μ‹ μ•™μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ™€ λ‹€νˆ¬λŠ” 데에도 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:40
In the 19th century, the method became an essential part
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19세기에 이λ₯΄λŸ¬ 이 방법은
03:43
of American legal education.
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λ―Έκ΅­ λ²•ν•™κ΅μœ‘μ˜ 핡심 뢀뢄이 λ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:46
Professors explored students’ understanding of judicial reasoning
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κ΅μˆ˜λ“€μ€ μ˜ˆμƒν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ κ°€μƒμ˜ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ
03:50
by challenging them with unforeseen hypothetical situations.
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학생듀이 사법적 좔둠을 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜μ£ .
03:55
This approach is still used today by the Supreme Court
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이 방법은 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  λŒ€λ²•μ›μ—μ„œλ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°, μ–΄λ–€ 법λ₯ μ΄ ν†΅κ³Όλ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”
03:58
to imagine the unintended impacts of passing a law.
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μ˜λ„μΉ˜ μ•Šμ€ 결과듀을 μ˜ˆμƒν•΄ 보기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
The Socratic Method can be adapted to teach almost any topic
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μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€μ˜ 방법은 λΉ„νŒμ  사고λ₯Ό μ€‘μš”μ‹œν•˜λŠ”
04:06
that relies on critical reasoning,
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  뢄야에 적용될 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:09
but its success depends on the teacher employing it.
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성곡 μ—¬λΆ€λŠ” 이 방법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” ꡐ사에 달렀 μžˆμ§€μš”.
04:12
An effective Socratic educator must be well versed in their subject.
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μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€ 방법을 효과적으둜 μ“°λ €λŠ” κ΅μœ‘μžλŠ” 자기 뢄야에 μ‘°μ˜ˆκ°€ κΉŠμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
Rather than bullying their students or showing off their superior intellect,
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학생듀을 κ΄΄λ‘­νžˆκ±°λ‚˜ μžμ‹ μ˜ μš°μ›”ν•œ 지성을 μžλž‘ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ ,
04:21
they should be modest, genuinely curious, and affirming of every contribution.
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κ²Έμ†ν•˜κ³ , μ§„μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν˜ΈκΈ°μ‹¬μ΄ 많으며, λͺ¨λ“  μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό 인정해 μ£Όμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
In this regard, Socrates himself
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이런 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 보자면, μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€ μžμ‹ μ€
04:29
may not have been the most subtle Socratic teacher.
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κ°€μž₯ μ„¬μ„Έν•œ μ†Œν¬λΌμŠ€ν…Œμ‹ ꡐ사가 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
Historians believe he was deeply critical of Athens’ particular brand of democracy,
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μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ κ·Έκ°€ 특유의 μ•„ν…Œλ„€μ‹ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ λΉ„νŒμ μ΄μ—ˆκ³ 
04:38
and known to pass those concerns onto his followers.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ 우렀λ₯Ό μžμ‹ μ˜ μ œμžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ „ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  λ―Ώκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
These subversive beliefs were distorted in public forums
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체제λ₯Ό μœ„ν˜‘ν•˜λŠ” 그의 사상은 곡적 κ΄‘μž₯μ—μ„œ μ™œκ³‘λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
04:45
and thought to have inspired two of his pupils to treasonous ends.
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두 λͺ…μ˜ μ œμžλ“€μ΄ 반체제적 λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό 갖도둝 영ν–₯을 λ―Έμ³€λ‹€κ³  보고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
It was likely for these ideas Socrates was brought to trial,
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이런 그의 μ‚¬μƒμœΌλ‘œ 인해 μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€λŠ” μž¬νŒμ„ λ°›κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
04:53
and eventually, sentenced to death.
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κ²°κ΅­ μ‚¬ν˜•μ„ κ³ λ₯Ό 받은 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
But even on his deathbed, artists depict a serene philosopherβ€”
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€λ“€μ€ 심지어 μ£½μŒμ„ μ•žλ‘” μˆœκ°„μ—λ„
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ever curious to explore the ultimate question.
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λ‹΄λ‹΄νžˆ ꢁ극적인 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ νƒκ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 데만 μ „λ…ν•˜λŠ” μ² ν•™μžλ‘œ κ·Έλ₯Ό λ¬˜μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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