Dark matter: How does it explain a star's speed? - Don Lincoln

101,396 views ใƒป 2012-11-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
0
0
7000
ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: eviatar edlerman
00:16
Of all the spectacles mankind has viewed through a telescope,
1
16956
3185
ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืจืืชื” ื“ืจืš ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค,
00:20
there are few lovelier than a spiral galaxy.
2
20141
2782
ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ืช.
00:22
Majestic whirlpools of stars, they rotate in a stately and predictable dance.
3
22923
4884
ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืฆืคื•ื™.
00:27
The fact that we see many billions of them in our telescopes
4
27807
3032
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื
00:30
tells us they are both common and stable.
5
30839
2968
ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.
00:33
It is perhaps surprising that it is relatively easy to understand the inner workings of these cosmic pinwheels.
6
33807
5832
ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ืื™ ื”ืืœื”.
00:39
By combining physical principles worked out by Sir Isaac Newton in the late 17th century,
7
39639
4435
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืกืจ ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”17,
00:44
with the observed amount of mass in a galaxy,
8
44074
2716
ืขื ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื” ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”,
00:46
scientists can calculate the rates at which these galaxies rotate.
9
46790
3601
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช.
00:50
Using these techniques, astronomers predict how fast stars at different distances from the center of the galaxy should move.
10
50391
6683
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื•ื– ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
00:57
Stars very close to the center move slowly.
11
57074
2849
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื– ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืœืื˜.
00:59
That's because there is very little mass between them and the center of the galaxy to pull them along.
12
59923
4684
ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืกื” ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื.
01:04
Stars a bit further away move faster,
13
64607
2635
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:07
because they are being pulled by all of the stars in between them and the center.
14
67242
3899
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœืžืจื›ื–.
01:11
As we get really far away, the stars are predicted to move slowly again.
15
71141
3850
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื‘.
01:14
Their great distance reduces gravity to a gentle tug,
16
74991
2917
ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืœืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขื“ื™ื ื”,
01:17
so they move leisurely in their orbits.
17
77908
2315
ืื– ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:20
Knowing this, scientists looked at the galaxies and measured how fast stars were moving.
18
80223
4783
ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื“ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ืขื•.
01:25
To their surprise, they found that while the stars closer to the center of the galaxy behaved as predicted,
19
85006
5718
ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื, ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืฆืคื•ื™,
01:30
those further away moved far too quickly.
20
90724
3699
ืืœื” ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืขื• ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™.
01:34
This observation was devastating to the tradtional theories of gravity and motion.
21
94423
4250
ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”.
01:38
If the stars were moving as fast as their measurement suggested,
22
98673
2833
ืื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ืขื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•,
01:41
galaxies should have torn themselves apart.
23
101506
2468
ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
01:43
It was a crisis, and astronomers and physicists scrambled to find a mistake in their calculation.
24
103974
5316
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:49
Was Newton's theory of gravity wrong?
25
109290
2250
ื”ืื ืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช?
01:51
Was his theory of motion wrong?
26
111540
1849
ื”ืื ืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื™ืื”?
01:53
Or was it possible that astronomers had incorrectly measured the galaxy's mass?
27
113389
4383
ืื• ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ื“ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืช ืžืกืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช?
01:57
All options were investigated, and all were ruled out. Except one.
28
117772
4184
ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืงืจื•, ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ืฉืœืœื•. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื—ืช.
02:01
Today, scientists believe that the answer lies in a previously unknown kind of matter, called dark matter.
29
121956
6850
ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ.
02:08
This dark matter can be envisioned as a cloud which surrounds most galaxies.
30
128806
4801
ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืื•ืจ ื›ืขื ืŸ ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืงืกื™ื•ืช.
02:13
This matter is very unusual. It is affected by gravity,
31
133607
3483
ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
02:17
but it is invisible to visible light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
32
137090
5800
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ื•ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
02:22
The name "dark matter" originates in this form of matter's inability to emit or absorb light.
33
142890
5966
ื”ืฉื "ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ" ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ.
02:28
Dark matter adds to the gravity of the galaxy
34
148856
2518
ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
02:31
and explains the orbital speed of stars far from the galactic center.
35
151374
4333
ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
02:35
Dark matter has not yet been directly observed,
36
155707
2550
ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืฆืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
02:38
but scientists believe that it is likely to be real,
37
158257
2883
ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืืžื™ืชื™,
02:41
mostly because the other options have been ruled out.
38
161140
3117
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ืฉืœืœื•.
02:44
Using dozens of approaches, astronomers and physicists continue to search for direct evidence
39
164257
4599
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื”
02:48
that would prove that the dark matter hypothesis is true.
40
168856
4001
ืฉืชื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
02:52
This question is one of the most important physics research questions of the 21st century.
41
172857
6684
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”21.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7