Why does your voice change as you get older? - Shaylin A. Schundler

1,728,299 views ใƒป 2018-08-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: hila scherba
00:07
In the mid-16th century,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” 16,
00:08
Italians were captivated by a type of male singer
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ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ืžืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™
00:11
whose incredible range contained notes
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ืขื ืžื ืขื“ ืงื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ
00:14
previously thought impossible for adult men.
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ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
00:17
However, this gift came at a high price.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ืžื—ื™ืจ.
00:19
To prevent their voices from breaking,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืงื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืจ,
00:22
these singers had been castrated before puberty,
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ื”ื–ืžืจื™ื ืกื•ืจืกื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
00:25
halting the hormonal processes that would deepen their voices.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
00:28
Known as castrati, their light, angelic voices were renowned throughout Europe,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›-ืงืกื˜ืจืื˜ื™, ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
00:33
until the cruel procedure that created them was outlawed in the 1800s.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืื” ื” 17.
00:39
Though stunting vocal growth can produce an extraordinary musical range,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ืงื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืงื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
00:43
naturally developing voices are already capable of incredible variety.
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ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง.
00:48
And as we age, our bodies undergo two major changes which explore that range.
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื ืขื“ ื”ื–ื”.
00:54
So how exactly does our voice box work, and what causes these shifts in speech?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื•ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ?
01:00
The specific sound of a speaking voice is the result of many anatomical variables,
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
01:05
but itโ€™s mostly determined by the age and health of our vocal cords
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ
01:09
and the size of our larynxes.
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:12
The larynx is a complex system of muscle and cartilage
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ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื—ื•ืก
01:16
that supports and moves the vocal cords,
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ืฉืชื•ืžื›ืช ื•ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ,
01:18
or, as theyโ€™re more accurately known, the vocal folds.
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ืื•, ื‘ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง - ืงื™ืคืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ.
01:22
Strung between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages,
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ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ื•ืกื—ื•ืกื™ ื”ืืจื™ืชื•ื ื•ื™ื“,
01:25
these two muscles form an elastic curtain that opens and shuts across the trachea,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืืœืกื˜ื™ ืฉื ืคืชื— ื•ื ืกื’ืจ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืงื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”,
01:31
the tube that carries air through the throat.
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ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ.
01:34
The folds are apart when weโ€™re breathing,
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ื”ืงืคืœื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื,
01:36
but when we speak, they slam shut.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื ื ืกื’ืจื™ื.
01:39
Our lungs push air against the closed folds,
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ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ,
01:42
blowing them open and vibrating the tissue to produce sound.
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ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืื•ืชื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืœื™ืœ.
01:46
Unlike the deliberate focus required for playing an external instrument,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
01:50
we effortlessly change notes as we speak.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืชื•ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:53
By pushing air faster or slower,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ื™ืคืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ืจ ืื• ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:55
we change the frequency and amplitude of these vibrations,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:58
which respectively translate to the pitch and volume of our voices.
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ืฉืžืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:03
Rapid and small vibrations create high-pitched, quiet tones,
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ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืฉืงื˜,
02:07
while slow, large vibrations produce deep, bellowing rumbles.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื.
02:12
Finally, by moving the laryngeal muscles between the cartilages,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืขืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื—ื•ืกื™ื,
02:16
we can stretch and contract those folds
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืชื•ื— ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืงืคืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:19
to intuitively play our internal instruments.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:22
This process is the same from your first words to your last,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”ื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
02:26
but as you age, your larynx ages too.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ื’ื.
02:29
During puberty, the first major shift starts,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ,
02:32
as your voice begins to deepen.
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืžืง.
02:35
This happens when your larynx grows in size,
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ื’ื“ืœื”,
02:38
elongating the vocal folds and opening up more room for them to vibrate.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืจื™ืš ืืช ืงืคืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื•ืคื•ืชื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜.
02:43
These longer folds have slower, larger vibrations,
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ืœืงืคืœื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:47
which result in a lower baseline pitch.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:50
This growth is especially dramatic in many males,
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื,
02:53
whose high testosterone levels lead first to voice cracks,
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ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ืœ ื ืฉื‘ืจ,
02:57
and then to deeper, more booming voices,
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืชืขืžืง, ื•ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ืจื•ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:00
and laryngeal protrusions called Adamโ€™s apples.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื’ืจื•ื’ืจืช.
03:04
Another vocal development during puberty
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
03:06
occurs when the homogenous tissue covering the folds
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืงืคืœื™ื
03:09
specializes into three distinct functional layers:
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ืžืชืžื™ื™ื ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช:
03:13
a central muscle,
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ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™,
03:15
a layer of stiff collagen wrapped in stretchy elastin fibers,
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ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื— ืขื˜ื•ืคื” ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื ืžืชื—ื™ื,
03:19
and an outer layer of mucus membrane.
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ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ืžื•ืงื•ืก.
03:23
These layers add nuance and depth to the voice,
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื ื™ื•ืื ืก ืœืงื•ืœ,
03:25
giving it a distinct timbre that sets it apart from its pre-pubescent tones.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื™.
03:30
After puberty, most peopleโ€™s voices remain more or less the same
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
03:35
for about 50 years.
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ืœ 50 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš.
03:37
But we all use our voices differently,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”,
03:39
and eventually we experience the symptoms associated with aging larynxes,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ืžื–ื“ืงื ืช,
03:44
known as presbyphonia.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืคืจืกื‘ื™ืคื•ื ื™ื”.
03:45
First, the collagen in our folds stiffens
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืงืคืœื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื”
03:48
and the surrounding elastin fibers atrophy and decay.
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืžืชื ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืชื›ืœื™ื.
03:52
This decreased flexibility increases the pitch of older voices.
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ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:57
But for people who have experienced the hormonal effects of menopause,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืช,
04:01
the higher pitch is countered and outweighed by swollen vocal folds.
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื‘ืœืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืคืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ืคื•ื—ื™ื.
04:06
The folds' increased mass slows their vibrations, resulting in deeper voices.
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ื”ืžืกื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคืœื™ื ืžืื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืงื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:13
All these symptoms are further complicated
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ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกืชื‘ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:15
by having fewer healthy laryngeal nerve endings,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ,
04:18
which reduces precise muscle control and causes breathy or rough voices.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ื™ื ืื• ื’ืกื™ื.
04:23
Ultimately, these anatomical changes are just a few of the factors
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
04:28
that can affect your voice.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
04:30
But when kept in good condition,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘,
04:31
your voice box is a finely tuned instrument,
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ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
04:34
capable of operatic arias,
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคืจืื™ื•ืช,
04:36
moody monologues,
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ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื,
04:38
and stirring speeches.
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ื•ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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