Is inequality inevitable?

1,235,545 views ใƒป 2022-10-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:09
In South Africa, one of the most unequal countries in the world,
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:13
the richest one-tenth of 1%, owns almost 30% of all the countryโ€™s wealth,
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ื”ืืœืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 30% ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
00:19
more than double what the bottom 90% owns.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื•ืœ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœ 90% ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื.
00:24
Income and wealth inequality are not new.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ.
00:26
In fact, economists and historians whoโ€™ve charted economic inequality
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืคื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™
00:29
throughout history havenโ€™t found a single society without it.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•.
00:33
Which raises a bleak question:
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขื’ื•ืžื”:
00:35
is inequality inevitable?
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ื”ืื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข?
00:38
One way to estimate inequality is with a number called the Gini index,
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื“ื“ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื™,
00:42
which is calculated by comparing the income or wealth distribution
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ืฉืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืื• ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ
00:45
of a perfectly equal society to the actual income or wealth distribution.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืื• ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
00:51
The area of this shape multiplied by 2 is the Gini index.
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ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืคื•ืœ 2 ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื™.
00:55
A Gini of 1 indicates perfect inequalityโ€”
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ืžื“ื“ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ 1 ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื --
00:58
one person has everything and everyone else has nothing.
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ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื.
01:01
Youโ€™d never see this in real life
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
01:03
because everyone except that one person would starve.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืจืขื‘.
01:06
A Gini index of 0 indicates perfect equalityโ€”
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ืžื“ื“ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ 0 ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื --
01:09
everyone has exactly the same income or wealth.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ.
01:13
But you also never see this in real life, not even in communist countries,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœืขื•ืœื ื’ื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช,
01:16
because for one thing, that would mean paying everyoneโ€”
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืžืฉืœ, ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืœื ืœื›ื•ืœื --
01:19
no matter how young, old, what job theyโ€™re in or where they workโ€”
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืื™ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื --
01:22
the exact same wage.
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ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
01:24
Typical after-tax Ginis in developed countries today are around 0.3,
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ืžื“ื“ื™ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžืก ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 0.3,
01:28
though thereโ€™s a wide range from pretty equal to pretty unequal.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื ืขื“ ืจื—ื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™.
01:32
Before we go any further, you should know what the Gini indexโ€”
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืžื“ื“ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ --
01:36
or any other measure of economic inequalityโ€” doesnโ€™t tell us:
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ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ -- ืœื ืื•ืžืจ5 ืœื ื•:
01:40
it gives no information about how income and wealth are distributed
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื
01:43
across genders, races, educational backgrounds or other demographics;
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ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื, ื’ื–ืขื™ื, ืจืงืขื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ืื• ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช;
01:48
it doesnโ€™t tell us how easy or difficult it is to escape poverty.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืงืœ ืื• ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืขื•ื ื™.
01:52
And it also gives no insight as to how a particular society
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืœืื™ืš ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
01:56
arrived at its present level of inequality.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืจืžื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
01:59
Economic inequality is deeply entangled with other types of inequality:
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ:
02:03
for example, generations of discrimination, imperialism,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืœื™ื”, ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื,
02:06
and colonialism
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ื•ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื
02:08
created deeply rooted power and class inequalities
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื•ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช
02:11
that persist to this day.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:13
But we still need at least a rough measure of who gets how much in a country.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ืกื” ืœืžื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
02:17
Thatโ€™s what the Gini index gives us.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื“ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื•.
02:19
Some countries are, economically, much more unequal than others.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ืช ืžืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:23
And thatโ€™s because a significant portion of economic inequality
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™
02:27
is the result of choices that governments make.
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ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช.
02:30
Let's talk about some of these choices.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
02:32
First: what kind of economy to use.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช: ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ.
02:35
In the 20th century, some countries switched to socialism or communism
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 20, ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืื• ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื
02:39
for a variety of reasons,
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ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
02:41
including reducing economic inequality.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
02:43
These changes did dramatically reduce economic inequality
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™
02:47
in the two largest non-capitalist economies,
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ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
02:50
China and the Soviet Unionโ€” especially in the Soviet Union.
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ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช -- ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช.
02:54
But neither country prospered as much as the world's leading economies.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžืืœื” ืœื ืฉื’ืฉื’ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:58
So yes, people earned about as much as their neighbors did,
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ืื– ื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
03:00
but that wasnโ€™t very much.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:02
Thisโ€” and many other issuesโ€” contributed to the Soviet Unionโ€™s collapse in 1991.
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ื–ื• -- ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช --ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ 1991.
03:08
And China, to grow more quickly, shifted its economy towards capitalism
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ื•ืกื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืกื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื–ื
03:11
starting in the late 1970s.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 70.
03:14
What about capitalist countries?
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช?
03:16
Can they choose to reduce economic inequality?
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ื”ืื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™?
03:18
Itโ€™s tempting to think
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ื–ื” ืžืคืชื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
03:20
โ€œno, because the whole point of capitalism is to hoard enough gold coins
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โ€œืœื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘
03:24
to be able to dive into them like Scrooge McDuck.โ€
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืกืงืจื•ื’โ€ฒ ืžืงื“ืืง.โ€
03:28
China seems to provide the textbook example of this:
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืกื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืงืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื–ื”:
03:31
after it became more capitalist,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
03:32
its Gini index shot up from under 0.4 to over 0.55.
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ืžื“ื“ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื” ืขืœื” ืžืคื—ื•ืช ืž0.4 ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 0.55.
03:37
Meanwhile, its per capita yearly income
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”
03:40
jumped from the rough equivalent of $1,500 to over $13,000.
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ืงืคืฆื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 1500$ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 13,000$.
03:45
But there are many counter-examples:
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช:
03:47
capitalist countries in which inequality is actually holding steady or decreasing.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืื• ืคื•ื—ืช.
03:52
France has kept its Gini index below 0.32 since 1979.
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ืฆืจืคืช ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื“ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื” ื ืžื•ืš ืž 0.32 ืžืื– 1979.
03:56
Ireland's Gini has been trending mostly downward since 1995.
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ืžื“ื“ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืžื˜ื” ืžืื– 1995.
04:00
The Netherlands and Denmark have kept theirs below 0.28 since the 1980s.
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ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื•ื“ื ืžืจืง ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ืž 0.28 ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80.
04:05
How do they do it?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
04:07
One way is with taxes.
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืกื™ื.
04:09
Personal income taxes in most countries are progressive:
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ืžื™ืกื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื:
04:12
the more money you make, the higher your tax rate.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:14
And the more progressive your tax system, the more it reduces inequality.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
04:18
So, for example, while pre-tax income inequality in France
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ืื–, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืก ื‘ืฆืจืคืช
04:22
is roughly the same as it is in the US,
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœื–ื” ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
04:24
post-tax inequality in France is roughly 20% lower.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืก ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ 20%.
04:29
Meanwhile, inheritance taxes can reduce the amount of wealth
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžื™ืกื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ
04:33
that a single family can amass over generations.
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ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
04:36
Germany and many other European countries have inheritance or estate taxes
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ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืกื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ื ื›ืกื™ื
04:40
that kick in at a few thousand to a few hundred thousand Euros,
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ื•ืจื•,
04:43
depending on who's inheriting.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉ.
04:45
The US, on the other hand,
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
04:47
lets you inherit $12 million without paying any federal tax.
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื›ื ืœืจืฉืช 12 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืœื ืžืก ืคื“ืจืœื™.
04:51
Another way is with transfersโ€”
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช --
04:53
when the government takes tax revenues from one group of people
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:56
and gives it to another.
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ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืื—ืจืช.
04:58
For example, Social Security programs tax people who work
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืžืžืกื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
05:02
and use the revenue to support retirees.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื.
05:04
In Italy, about a quarter of Italiansโ€™ disposable household income
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ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื‘ืขืจืš ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช
05:08
comes from government transfers.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช.
05:10
Thatโ€™s a lot, especially relative to the US,
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
05:13
where the figure is just over 5%.
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ืฉื ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 5%.
05:15
A third way is to ensure that everyone has access to things
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ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื
05:18
like education and healthcare.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
05:20
A highly educated, healthy workforce can command a higher salary on the market,
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ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง,
05:25
thus reducing inequality.
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ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
05:27
The fourth way is addressing the digital divide:
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™:
05:29
the gap between those who have access to the Internet and those who do not.
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ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื.
05:34
A fifth way is dealing with extreme wealth.
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ื“ืจืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืขื•ืฉืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
05:37
Multibillionaires can buy social media platforms,
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ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
05:41
news outlets, policy think-tanks, perhaps even politicians,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื˜ืจึทืกึฐื˜ ืžื•ึนื—ื•ึนืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื,
05:44
and bend them to their will,
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ื•ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ืœืจืฆื•ื ื,
05:46
threatening the very fabric of democracy.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืืจื’ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
05:49
We are just barely scratching the surface of inequality here.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื’ืจื“ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื”.
05:53
We havenโ€™t touched on the drastic divides in who has wealth and who doesnโ€™t;
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ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ื’ืขื ื• ื‘ืคืขืจ ื”ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืžื™ ืœื;
05:57
the power structures that prevent social and economic mobility;
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ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช;
06:00
and the drastic inequality between countriesโ€”
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ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช --
06:03
the fact that, for example,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ืฉืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
06:05
just three Americans have 90 billion more dollars than Egypt,
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ืจืง ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืฉ 90 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื,
06:10
a country of 100 million people.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื 100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
06:13
And hereโ€™s one final thing to think about: power and wealth are self-reinforcing,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•: ื›ื•ื— ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
06:18
which means that equality is not.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื.
06:20
Left to their own devices, societies tend toward inequalityโ€”
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ืื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืš, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ --
06:25
unless we weaken the feedback loops of wealth and power concentration.
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ืืœื ืื ืžื—ืœื™ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื›ื•ื—.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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