Is inequality inevitable?

1,048,187 views ใƒป 2022-10-11

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ๊ด€์›… ๋ฌธ ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:09
In South Africa, one of the most unequal countries in the world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
00:13
the richest one-tenth of 1%, owns almost 30% of all the countryโ€™s wealth,
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1ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์‹ญ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์ด
๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 30%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
more than double what the bottom 90% owns.
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ํ•˜์œ„ 90%๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์ฃ .
00:24
Income and wealth inequality are not new.
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์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ์˜ˆ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
In fact, economists and historians whoโ€™ve charted economic inequality
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ „ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์™€ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
00:29
throughout history havenโ€™t found a single society without it.
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:33
Which raises a bleak question:
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์•”์šธํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
is inequality inevitable?
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:38
One way to estimate inequality is with a number called the Gini index,
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์— ์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:42
which is calculated by comparing the income or wealth distribution
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์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ
00:45
of a perfectly equal society to the actual income or wealth distribution.
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๋Œ€์ƒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
The area of this shape multiplied by 2 is the Gini index.
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์ด ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์— 2๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
A Gini of 1 indicates perfect inequalityโ€”
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์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ 1์€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
one person has everything and everyone else has nothing.
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ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์ „๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ํ•œ ํ‘ผ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:01
Youโ€™d never see this in real life
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ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํ•œ ๋ช…์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ตถ์–ด ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
because everyone except that one person would starve.
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01:06
A Gini index of 0 indicates perfect equalityโ€”
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์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ 0์€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
everyone has exactly the same income or wealth.
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๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:13
But you also never see this in real life, not even in communist countries,
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์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋„์š”.
01:16
because for one thing, that would mean paying everyoneโ€”
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๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
no matter how young, old, what job theyโ€™re in or where they workโ€”
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ์ง์—…, ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:22
the exact same wage.
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01:24
Typical after-tax Ginis in developed countries today are around 0.3,
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์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์˜ ์„ธํ›„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ 0.3 ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
though thereโ€™s a wide range from pretty equal to pretty unequal.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฝค ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
01:32
Before we go any further, you should know what the Gini indexโ€”
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๋” ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด
01:36
or any other measure of economic inequalityโ€” doesnโ€™t tell us:
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๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ์žŠ์–ด์„  ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
it gives no information about how income and wealth are distributed
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์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€, ์ธ์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
01:43
across genders, races, educational backgrounds or other demographics;
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
it doesnโ€™t tell us how easy or difficult it is to escape poverty.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฌ์šด์ง€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด์ง€๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
And it also gives no insight as to how a particular society
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
arrived at its present level of inequality.
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01:59
Economic inequality is deeply entangled with other types of inequality:
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๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ๋„ ์•„์ฃผ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์–ฝํ˜€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
for example, generations of discrimination, imperialism,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์ฐจ๋ณ„, ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜, ์‹๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ
02:06
and colonialism
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02:08
created deeply rooted power and class inequalities
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ด์–ด์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ, ๊ณ„์ธต ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋์ฃ .
02:11
that persist to this day.
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02:13
But we still need at least a rough measure of who gets how much in a country.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ผ๋„ ์•Œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
Thatโ€™s what the Gini index gives us.
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์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿด ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์ด์ฃ .
02:19
Some countries are, economically, much more unequal than others.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
And thatโ€™s because a significant portion of economic inequality
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
02:27
is the result of choices that governments make.
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
Let's talk about some of these choices.
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์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋“ค์„ ์ข€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:32
First: what kind of economy to use.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ• ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
In the 20th century, some countries switched to socialism or communism
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋‚˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
for a variety of reasons,
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์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ํ•ด์†Œ๋„ ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์˜€์ฃ .
02:41
including reducing economic inequality.
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02:43
These changes did dramatically reduce economic inequality
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋น„์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘
02:47
in the two largest non-capitalist economies,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ จ,
02:50
China and the Soviet Unionโ€” especially in the Soviet Union.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
But neither country prospered as much as the world's leading economies.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์ด ๋˜์ง„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:58
So yes, people earned about as much as their neighbors did,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
but that wasnโ€™t very much.
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03:02
Thisโ€” and many other issuesโ€” contributed to the Soviet Unionโ€™s collapse in 1991.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด 1991๋…„ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
And China, to grow more quickly, shifted its economy towards capitalism
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
starting in the late 1970s.
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03:14
What about capitalist countries?
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
03:16
Can they choose to reduce economic inequality?
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:18
Itโ€™s tempting to think
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
โ€œno, because the whole point of capitalism is to hoard enough gold coins
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โ€œ์•„๋‹ˆ, ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ !โ€
03:24
to be able to dive into them like Scrooge McDuck.โ€
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โ€œ๋งŒํ™” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธˆํ™” ์†์—์„œ ํ—ค์—„์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ!โ€
03:28
China seems to provide the textbook example of this:
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์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
after it became more capitalist,
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ,
03:32
its Gini index shot up from under 0.4 to over 0.55.
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0.4๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋˜ ์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0.55๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒจ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:37
Meanwhile, its per capita yearly income
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ํ•œํŽธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ 1์ธ๋‹น ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋“์€
03:40
jumped from the rough equivalent of $1,500 to over $13,000.
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์ฒœ์˜ค๋ฐฑ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„์—์„œ ๋งŒ์‚ผ์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
But there are many counter-examples:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
capitalist countries in which inequality is actually holding steady or decreasing.
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
03:52
France has kept its Gini index below 0.32 since 1979.
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋Š” 1979๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 0.32 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Ireland's Gini has been trending mostly downward since 1995.
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์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” 1995๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
The Netherlands and Denmark have kept theirs below 0.28 since the 1980s.
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๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์™€ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๋Š” 1980๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 0.28 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
How do they do it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:07
One way is with taxes.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
Personal income taxes in most countries are progressive:
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋Š” ๋ˆ„์ง„์„ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
the more money you make, the higher your tax rate.
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๋งŽ์ด ๋ฒŒ์ˆ˜๋ก ์„ธ์œจ์ด ๋” ๋†’์ฃ .
04:14
And the more progressive your tax system, the more it reduces inequality.
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์„ธ์œจ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋” ์ค„์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
So, for example, while pre-tax income inequality in France
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๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ์„ธ์ „ ์†Œ๋“์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€
04:22
is roughly the same as it is in the US,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ,
04:24
post-tax inequality in France is roughly 20% lower.
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์„ธํ›„๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ฐ€ 20% ์ •๋„ ๋” ํ‰๋“ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
Meanwhile, inheritance taxes can reduce the amount of wealth
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ํ•œํŽธ, ์ƒ์†์„ธ๋Š”
ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์ด ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ชจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ์ค„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
that a single family can amass over generations.
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04:36
Germany and many other European countries have inheritance or estate taxes
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๋…์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์†์„ธ ์ œ๋„๋Š”
04:40
that kick in at a few thousand to a few hundred thousand Euros,
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์†๋ฐ›๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ ์œ ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
depending on who's inheriting.
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04:45
The US, on the other hand,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ด๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์—†์ด ์ƒ์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
lets you inherit $12 million without paying any federal tax.
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04:51
Another way is with transfersโ€”
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ด์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
when the government takes tax revenues from one group of people
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
and gives it to another.
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04:58
For example, Social Security programs tax people who work
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณด์žฅ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋‘” ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„
05:02
and use the revenue to support retirees.
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์€ํ‡ด์ž๋“ค์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
In Italy, about a quarter of Italiansโ€™ disposable household income
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์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์†Œ๋“์˜ 25% ์ •๋„๊ฐ€
05:08
comes from government transfers.
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์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด์ „ ์†Œ๋“์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
Thatโ€™s a lot, especially relative to the US,
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5%๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฝค ์ƒ๋‹นํ•˜์ฃ .
05:13
where the figure is just over 5%.
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05:15
A third way is to ensure that everyone has access to things
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์ด
05:18
like education and healthcare.
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์˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ๊ต์œก ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
A highly educated, healthy workforce can command a higher salary on the market,
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ํ•™๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ,
05:25
thus reducing inequality.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ค„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
The fourth way is addressing the digital divide:
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๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ •๋ณด ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
the gap between those who have access to the Internet and those who do not.
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์ฆ‰, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ ‘์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:34
A fifth way is dealing with extreme wealth.
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๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋ถ€์œ ์ธต๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
Multibillionaires can buy social media platforms,
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์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ 
05:41
news outlets, policy think-tanks, perhaps even politicians,
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์–ธ๋ก , ์ •์ฑ… ์ง‘๋‹จ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ธ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋งค์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฅ๋ฝํŽด๋ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
and bend them to their will,
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05:46
threatening the very fabric of democracy.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:49
We are just barely scratching the surface of inequality here.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
We havenโ€™t touched on the drastic divides in who has wealth and who doesnโ€™t;
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๋ถ€์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
05:57
the power structures that prevent social and economic mobility;
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์‚ฌํšŒ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด๋™์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€
06:00
and the drastic inequality between countriesโ€”
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
the fact that, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‹จ ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€
06:05
just three Americans have 90 billion more dollars than Egypt,
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์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์ „์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ๋ฐฑ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
a country of 100 million people.
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์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์—๋Š” ์ผ์–ต ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
And hereโ€™s one final thing to think about: power and wealth are self-reinforcing,
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์ด์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์€,
๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ 
06:18
which means that equality is not.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
06:20
Left to their own devices, societies tend toward inequalityโ€”
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๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
unless we weaken the feedback loops of wealth and power concentration.
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๋ถ€์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์„ ๋Š์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”์š”.

Original video on YouTube.com
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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