How does the stock market work? - Oliver Elfenbaum

10,510,175 views ใƒป 2019-04-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
In the 1600s
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 17
00:07
the Dutch East India Company employed hundreds of ships
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืžืื•ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช
00:11
to trade gold, porcelain, spices, and silks around the globe.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื”ื‘, ืคื•ืจืฆืœืŸ, ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก.
00:16
But running this massive operation wasnโ€™t cheap.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืœ.
00:19
In order to fund their expensive voyages,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:21
the company turned to private citizensโ€“
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคื ืชื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื --
00:24
individuals who could invest money to support the trip
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืกืข
00:27
in exchange for a share of the shipโ€™s profits.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”.
00:30
This practice allowed the company to afford even grander voyages,
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ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืžืžืŸ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
00:34
increasing profits for both themselves and their savvy investors.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื•ื’ื ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืชืื‘ื™ื.
00:39
Selling these shares in coffee houses and shipping ports across the continent,
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ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื•ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช,
00:44
the Dutch East India Company unknowingly invented the worldโ€™s first stock market.
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช, ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื”, ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:50
Since then, companies have been collecting funds from willing investors
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ืžืื–, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื
00:54
to support all kinds of businesses.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืขืกืงื™ื.
00:56
And today,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:57
the stock market has schools, careers, and even whole television channels
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ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช,
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื.
01:02
dedicated to understanding it.
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01:04
But the modern stock market is significantly more complicated
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš
01:07
than its original incarnation.
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ืžื’ืœื’ื•ืœื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:09
So how do companies and investors use the market today?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื•ื?
01:14
Letโ€™s imagine a new coffee company that decides to launch on the market.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื•ืง.
01:18
First, the company will advertise itself to big investors.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืคื ื” ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:22
If they think the company is a good idea,
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ืื ื”ื ื™ื—ื“ื”ื• ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘,
01:24
they get the first crack at investing,
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ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
01:26
and then sponsor the companyโ€™s initial public offering, or IPO.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื• IPO.
01:31
This launches the company onto the official public market,
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™,
01:34
where any company or individual who believes the business could be profitable
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ืฉื ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืง
01:38
might buy a stock.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื”.
01:39
Buying stocks makes those investors partial owners in the business.
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ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืง.
01:44
Their investment helps the company to grow,
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ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:46
and as it becomes more successful,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:48
more buyers may see potential and start buying stocks.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ื ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
01:51
As demand for those stocks increases,
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ืœื”,
01:54
so does their price, increasing the cost for prospective buyers,
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืงื•ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
01:58
and raising the value of the company's stocks people already own.
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ื•ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืขืจืš ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:01
For the company,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
02:03
this increased interest helps fund new initiatives,
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžืžืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
02:06
and also boosts its overall market value
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ื•ื’ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœื”
02:09
by showing how many people are willing to invest in their idea.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:13
However, if for some reason a company starts to seem less profitable
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช
02:17
the reverse can also happen.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืคื•ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
02:19
If investors think their stock value is going to decline,
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ืื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ื”ืžื ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจื“ืช,
02:22
theyโ€™ll sell their stocks with the hopes of making a profit
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ื”ื ื™ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—
02:25
before the company loses more value.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืื‘ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ื”.
02:27
As stocks are sold and demand for the stock goes down,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช,
02:31
the stock price falls,
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ื” ื ื•ืคืœ,
02:32
and with it, the companyโ€™s market value.
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ื•ืื™ืชื•, ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
02:34
This can leave investors with big lossesโ€“
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื --
02:37
unless the company starts to look profitable again.
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ืืœื ืื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
02:40
This see-saw of supply and demand is influenced by many factors.
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ื”ื ื“ื ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆืข ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื.
02:45
Companies are under the unavoidable influence of market forcesโ€“
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง --
02:49
such as the fluctuating price of materials,
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ื›ืžื• ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื,
02:51
changes in production technology,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
02:53
and the shifting costs of labor.
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ื•ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:56
Investors may be worried about changes in leadership,
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื”,
02:58
bad publicity, or larger factors like new laws and trade policies.
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ืคืจืกื•ื ืจืข, ืื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ.
03:03
And of course,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
03:04
plenty of investors are simply ready to sell valuable stocks
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš
03:07
and pursue personal interests.
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ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื.
03:09
All these variables cause day-to-day noise in the market,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืจืขืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืง,
03:13
which can make companies appear more or less successful.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช.
03:16
And in the stock market,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช,
03:17
appearing to lose value often leads to losing investors,
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ื›ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืขืจืš ื™ื•ืจื“, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืกื“ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื,
03:20
and in turn, losing actual value.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš, ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:23
Human confidence in the market has the power to trigger
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ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
03:26
everything from economic booms to financial crises.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™.
03:30
And this difficult-to-track variable
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ื•ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื”ืงืฉื” ืœืžืขืงื‘,
03:32
is why most professionals promote reliable long term investing
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืืžื™ื ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš
03:36
over trying to make quick cash.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื— ืžื”ื™ืจ.
03:38
However, experts are constantly building tools
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœื™ื
03:41
in efforts to increase their chances of success
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ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื
03:43
in this highly unpredictable system.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:45
But the stock market is not just for the rich and powerful.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื—ื–ืงื™ื.
03:49
With the dawn of the Internet,
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ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
03:50
everyday investors can buy stocks
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช
03:52
in many of the exact same ways a large investor would.
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ.
03:56
And as more people educate themselves about this complex system
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ื•ื›ืฉืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•
03:59
they too can trade stocks,
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ื’ื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ื•ืช,
04:01
support the businesses they believe in,
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ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื,
04:03
and pursue their financial goals.
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ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:05
The first step is getting invested.
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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