How does the stock market work? - Oliver Elfenbaum

9,369,740 views ・ 2019-04-29

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: MINA LEE κ²€ν† : Tae Han Yoon
00:06
In the 1600s
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1600λ…„λŒ€μ—
00:07
the Dutch East India Company employed hundreds of ships
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λ„€λœλž€λ“œ 동인도 νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 수백 μ²™μ˜ λ°°λ₯Ό κ³ μš©ν•΄μ„œ
00:11
to trade gold, porcelain, spices, and silks around the globe.
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금, λ„μžκΈ°, ν–₯μ‹ λ£Œ, 그리고 비단을 μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ±°λž˜ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
But running this massive operation wasn’t cheap.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 사업을 μš΄μ˜ν•˜λŠ”λ°μ—λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λΉ„μš©μ΄ λ“€μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
00:19
In order to fund their expensive voyages,
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κ°’λΉ„μ‹Ό ν•­ν•΄μ˜ μžκΈˆμ„ μ‘°λ‹¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
00:21
the company turned to private citizens–
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기업은 λ―Όκ°„μΈμ—κ²Œ μ ‘κ·Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
individuals who could invest money to support the trip
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이듀은 μžλΉ„λ₯Ό λ“€μ—¬ μ—¬ν–‰ λΉ„μš©μ„ μ§€μ›ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
00:27
in exchange for a share of the ship’s profits.
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κ·Έ λŒ€κ°€λ‘œ 배의 μˆ˜μ΅μ„ 일뢀 λ°›μ•„κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
This practice allowed the company to afford even grander voyages,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹€μ²œμœΌλ‘œ 기업은 더 μ›…μž₯ν•œ ν•­ν•΄λ₯Ό ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
00:34
increasing profits for both themselves and their savvy investors.
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κ·Έλ“€λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μˆ˜μ™„ 쒋은 νˆ¬μžμžλ“€μ˜ 이읡도 μ¦λŒ€μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
00:39
Selling these shares in coffee houses and shipping ports across the continent,
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λŒ€λ₯™ μ „μ—­μ˜ μ»€ν”Όν•˜μš°μŠ€μ™€ μ„ μ ν•­μ—μ„œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 주식을 κ±°λž˜ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
00:44
the Dutch East India Company unknowingly invented the world’s first stock market.
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λ„€λœλž€λ“œ λ™μΈλ„νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 그듀도 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 사이
세계 졜초의 주식 μ‹œμž₯을 μ„€λ¦½ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
Since then, companies have been collecting funds from willing investors
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κ·Έ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ 기업듀은 각쒅 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ 사업을 μ§€μ›ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬
ν¬λ§ν•˜λŠ” νˆ¬μžμžλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μžκΈˆμ„ λͺ¨μœΌκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
to support all kinds of businesses.
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00:56
And today,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ— μ™€μ„œλŠ”
00:57
the stock market has schools, careers, and even whole television channels
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주식 μ‹œμž₯을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 학ꡐ, 직업 μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” μ „μš© ν…”λ ˆλΉ„μ „ μ±„λ„κΉŒμ§€
01:02
dedicated to understanding it.
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μƒκ²¨λ‚œ νŒκ΅­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
But the modern stock market is significantly more complicated
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 주식 μ‹œμž₯은 기쑴의 ν˜•νƒœλ³΄λ‹€
01:07
than its original incarnation.
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훨씬 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
So how do companies and investors use the market today?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  κΈ°μ—…κ³Ό νˆ¬μžμžλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹œμž₯을 μ΄μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:14
Let’s imagine a new coffee company that decides to launch on the market.
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μ‹œμž₯에 μ§„μΆœν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 컀피 기업을 κ°€μ •ν•΄λ³΄μ§€μš”.
01:18
First, the company will advertise itself to big investors.
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λ¨Όμ €, νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 큰 μ†λ“€μ—κ²Œ 기업을 홍보할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
If they think the company is a good idea,
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λ§Œμ•½ 사업이 쒋은 아이디어라고 μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
01:24
they get the first crack at investing,
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그듀은 첫 번째 투자 기회λ₯Ό κ°–κ²Œ 되며
01:26
and then sponsor the company’s initial public offering, or IPO.
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μΆ”ν›„ κΈ°μ—…μ˜ μ‹ κ·œμƒμž₯(IPO)을 ν›„μ›ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
This launches the company onto the official public market,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 곡개 μ‹œμž₯에 μ§„μΆœν•˜κ²Œ 되고
01:34
where any company or individual who believes the business could be profitable
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μˆ˜μ΅μ„± μžˆλŠ” 사업이라고 λ―ΏλŠ” κΈ°μ—… λ˜λŠ” κ°œμΈλ“€μ€
01:38
might buy a stock.
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ν•΄λ‹Ή 주식을 κ΅¬λ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Buying stocks makes those investors partial owners in the business.
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주식 맀수둜 νˆ¬μžμžλ“€μ€ μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 지뢄을 κ°–κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
Their investment helps the company to grow,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ νˆ¬μžλŠ” νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό μ„±μž₯μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
01:46
and as it becomes more successful,
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점차 μ„±κ³΅ν•˜λ©΄
01:48
more buyers may see potential and start buying stocks.
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더 λ§Žμ€ λ§€μˆ˜μžκ°€ 잠재λ ₯을 보고 주식을 λ§€μˆ˜ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
As demand for those stocks increases,
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κ·Έ 주식에 λŒ€ν•œ μˆ˜μš”κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν• μˆ˜λ‘ μ£Όκ°€λŠ” 였λ₯΄κ³ 
01:54
so does their price, increasing the cost for prospective buyers,
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μž₯래 λ§€μˆ˜μžλ“€μ˜ λΉ„μš©μ€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜λ©°
01:58
and raising the value of the company's stocks people already own.
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κΈ°μ‘΄ 주주듀이 μ†Œμœ ν•œ νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 주식 κ°€μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜¬λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
For the company,
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νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 경우
02:03
this increased interest helps fund new initiatives,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ¦κ°€ν•œ 이읡으둜 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 사업 κ³„νšμ˜ μžκΈˆμ„ μ‘°λ‹¬ν•˜λ©°
02:06
and also boosts its overall market value
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 아이디어에 νˆ¬μžν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ—¬μ€ŒμœΌλ‘œμ¨
02:09
by showing how many people are willing to invest in their idea.
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ν•΄λ‹Ή νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ „λ°˜μ μΈ μ‹œμž₯ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό λŒμ–΄μ˜¬λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
However, if for some reason a company starts to seem less profitable
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, μ–΄λ– ν•œ 이유둜 사업이 μˆ˜μ΅μ„± μ—†λ‹€κ³  보이기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄
02:17
the reverse can also happen.
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λ°˜λŒ€μ˜ κ²½μš°λ„ λ°œμƒν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
If investors think their stock value is going to decline,
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λ§Œμ•½ νˆ¬μžμžλ“€μ΄ μ£Όκ°€ ν•˜λ½μ„ μ˜ˆμƒν•œλ‹€λ©΄
02:22
they’ll sell their stocks with the hopes of making a profit
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그듀은 νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ 더 큰 손싀을 보기 전에
02:25
before the company loses more value.
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μ΄μœ€μ„ λ‚¨κΈ°κ² λ‹€λŠ” 희망으둜 주식을 νŒ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
As stocks are sold and demand for the stock goes down,
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주식이 λ§€λ„λ˜κ³  주식 μˆ˜μš”κ°€ μ€„μ–΄λ“€μˆ˜λ‘
02:31
the stock price falls,
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νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ°€μΉ˜μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜
02:32
and with it, the company’s market value.
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주식 가격은 λ‚΄λ €κ°€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
This can leave investors with big losses–
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νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ μˆ˜μ΅μ„± 있게 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 이상
02:37
unless the company starts to look profitable again.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 상황은 νˆ¬μžμžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 큰 손싀을 남길 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
This see-saw of supply and demand is influenced by many factors.
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μˆ˜μš”μ™€ κ³΅κΈ‰μ˜ κ·Έλ„€νƒ€κΈ°λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 영ν–₯을 λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
Companies are under the unavoidable influence of market forces–
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νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€ ν”Όν•  수 μ—†λŠ” μ‹œμž₯원리에 영ν–₯을 λ°›κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
such as the fluctuating price of materials,
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μΉ˜μ†ŸλŠ” μ›μž¬λ£Œ 가격
02:51
changes in production technology,
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생산 기술의 λ³€ν™”
02:53
and the shifting costs of labor.
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그리고 인건비 λΆ€λ‹΄ λ“± λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
02:56
Investors may be worried about changes in leadership,
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νˆ¬μžμžλ“€μ€ μ§€λ„μž ꡐ체, λ‚˜μœ ν‰νŒ
02:58
bad publicity, or larger factors like new laws and trade policies.
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ν˜Ήμ€ 더 큰 μš”μ†ŒμΈ μƒˆ 법령과 무역 정책듀에 λŒ€ν•΄λ„ κ±±μ •ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
And of course,
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λ¬Όλ‘ 
03:04
plenty of investors are simply ready to sell valuable stocks
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ νˆ¬μžμžλŠ” κ°€μΉ˜ μžˆλŠ” 주식듀을 λ§€λ„ν•˜κ³ 
개인적인 이읡을 좔ꡬ할 쀀비도 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ λ˜μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
and pursue personal interests.
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03:09
All these variables cause day-to-day noise in the market,
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이 λͺ¨λ“  λ³€μˆ˜λŠ” μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ ν•˜λ£¨ν•˜λ£¨ μž‘μŒμ„ μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³ 
이에 따라 기업은 μ„±κ³΅μ μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ 덜 μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 보일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
which can make companies appear more or less successful.
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03:16
And in the stock market,
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그리고 주식 μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:17
appearing to lose value often leads to losing investors,
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κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μžƒλŠ” 듯이 보이면 λŒ€κ°œ 투자자λ₯Ό μžƒκ³ 
03:20
and in turn, losing actual value.
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κ²°κ΅­ μ‹€μ§ˆ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μžƒκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
Human confidence in the market has the power to trigger
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μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹ λ’°λŠ” 경제 ν˜Έν™©κΈ°λΆ€ν„° 금육 μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ
03:26
everything from economic booms to financial crises.
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λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒμ˜ 계기가 λ λ§Œν•œ 힘이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
And this difficult-to-track variable
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그리고 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 좔적 μ–΄λ €μš΄ λ³€μˆ˜ λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:32
is why most professionals promote reliable long term investing
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전문가듀은 급전을 λ§Œλ“€λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€
03:36
over trying to make quick cash.
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λ―Ώμ„λ§Œν•œ μž₯κΈ° 투자λ₯Ό ν™λ³΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
However, experts are constantly building tools
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 전문가듀은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‰½κ²Œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ μ†μ—μ„œ
03:41
in efforts to increase their chances of success
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 성곡 κ°€λŠ₯성을 높이기 μœ„ν•˜μ—¬
03:43
in this highly unpredictable system.
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λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ 도ꡬλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
But the stock market is not just for the rich and powerful.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 주식 μ‹œμž₯은 λΆ€μžμ™€ ꢌλ ₯μžλ§Œμ„ μœ„ν•œ 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
With the dawn of the Internet,
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μΈν„°λ„·μ˜ μΆœν˜„μœΌλ‘œ
03:50
everyday investors can buy stocks
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일반 νˆ¬μžμžλ“€λ„ 여타 큰 손듀과 거의 λ™μΌν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
03:52
in many of the exact same ways a large investor would.
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μ£Όμ‹κ±°λž˜λ₯Ό ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
And as more people educate themselves about this complex system
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그리고 더 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 이 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 슀슀둜 ν•™μŠ΅ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
03:59
they too can trade stocks,
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주식을 κ±°λž˜ν•  수 있고
04:01
support the businesses they believe in,
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μ‹ λ’°ν•˜λŠ” 사업을 지원할 수 있고
04:03
and pursue their financial goals.
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재무 λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό 좔ꡬ할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
The first step is getting invested.
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κ·Έ 첫 λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό λ…Έλ ₯을 νˆ¬μžν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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