How do ocean currents work? - Jennifer Verduin

2,763,255 views ใƒป 2019-01-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shai Hakim
00:06
In 1992,
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ื‘ 1992,
00:07
a cargo ship carrying bath toys got caught in a storm.
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ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื ืฉืื” ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ ืืžื‘ื˜ ื ืงืœืขื” ืœืกืขืจื”.
00:12
Shipping containers washed overboard,
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ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื ืฉื˜ืคื• ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ,
00:14
and the waves swept 28,000 rubber ducks and other toys into the North Pacific.
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ื•ื’ืœื™ื ืกื—ืคื• 28,000 ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื•ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
00:20
But they didnโ€™t stick together.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื ืฉืืจื• ื™ื—ื“.
00:22
Quite the oppositeโ€“
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ืœื”ืคืš --
00:23
the ducks have since washed up all over the world,
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ื”ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ืคื• ืžืื– ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:27
and researchers have used their paths
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ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื”ื
00:29
to chart a better understanding of ocean currents.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
00:33
Ocean currents are driven by a range of sources:
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ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช:
00:36
the wind, tides, changes in water density,
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ื”ืจื•ื—, ื”ื’ืื•ืช, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื,
00:40
and the rotation of the Earth.
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:43
The topography of the ocean floor and the shoreline modifies those motions,
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ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ืงื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
00:47
causing currents to speed up,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืื™ืฅ,
00:49
slow down, or change direction.
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ืœื”ืื™ื˜, ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
00:52
Ocean currents fall into two main categories:
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ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช:
00:55
surface currents and deep ocean currents.
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ื–ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขืžื•ืงื™ื.
00:58
Surface currents control the motion
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ื–ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”
01:00
of the top 10 percent of the oceanโ€™s water,
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ืฉืœ 10 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:02
while deep-ocean currents mobilize the other 90 percent.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช 90 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:06
Though they have different causes,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:07
surface and deep ocean currents influence each other
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ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
01:10
in an intricate dance that keeps the entire ocean moving.
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ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:15
Near the shore,
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ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
01:16
surface currents are driven by both the wind and tides,
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ื–ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ื’ื ื’ืื•ืช,
01:19
which draw water back and forth as the water level falls and rises.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืžื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื.
01:24
Meanwhile, in the open ocean, wind is the major force behind surface currents.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืชื•ื—, ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:29
As wind blows over the ocean,
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ื›ืฉืจื•ื— ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:31
it drags the top layers of water along with it.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื”.
01:34
That moving water pulls on the layers underneath,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืชื™ื”ืŸ,
01:37
and those pull on the ones beneath them.
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ื•ืืœื• ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืช ืืœื• ืฉืžืชื—ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
01:39
In fact, water as deep as 400 meters
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืขื“ 400 ืžื˜ืจ
01:43
is still affected by the wind at the oceanโ€™s surface.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:47
If you zoom out to look at the patterns of surface currents all over the earth,
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ืื ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”,
01:51
youโ€™ll see that they form big loops called gyres,
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ืงื™ื,
01:54
which travel clockwise in the northern hemisphere
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ืฉื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™
01:57
and counter-clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
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ื•ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
02:00
Thatโ€™s because of the way the Earthโ€™s rotation
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
02:02
affects the wind patterns that give rise to these currents.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
02:06
If the earth didnโ€™t rotate,
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ืื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
02:08
air and water would simply move back and forth
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ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”
02:10
between low pressure at the equator
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”
02:12
and high pressure at the poles.
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ื•ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื.
02:14
But as the earth spins,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
02:16
air moving from the equator to the North Pole is deflected eastward,
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ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื ืข ืžืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื” ืžื–ืจื—ื”,
02:20
and air moving back down is deflected westward.
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ื•ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื ืข ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื˜ื” ืžื•ื˜ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื”.
02:24
The mirror image happens in the southern hemisphere,
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ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
02:27
so that the major streams of wind
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—
02:29
form loop-like patterns around the ocean basins.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืœืื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื’ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
02:32
This is called the Coriolis Effect.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืืคืงื˜ ืงื•ืจื™ื™ื•ืœื™ืก.
02:35
The winds push the ocean beneath them into the same rotating gyres.
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ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืชื—ืชืŸ ืœืื•ืชื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืงื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื.
02:40
And because water holds onto heat more effectively than air,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ืจ,
02:43
these currents help redistribute warmth around the globe.
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ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ื—ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืคืœื ื˜ื”.
02:48
Unlike surface currents,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื,
02:49
deep ocean currents are driven primarily by changes in the density of seawater.
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ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:55
As water moves towards the North Pole,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
02:57
it gets colder.
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ื”ื ืžืชืงืจืจื™ื.
02:58
It also has a higher concentration of salt,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืžืœื—ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:01
because the ice crystals that form trap water while leaving salt behind.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืงืจื— ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื— ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
03:05
This cold, salty water is more dense,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:08
so it sinks,
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ืื– ื”ื ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื,
03:09
and warmer surface water takes its place,
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ื•ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื,
03:12
setting up a vertical current called thermohaline circulation.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ืจื ืื ื›ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื™ืจืงื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืชืจืžื•ื”ืœื™ืŸ.
03:17
Thermohaline circulation of deep water and wind-driven surface currents
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ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจืžื•ื”ืœื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื–ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื—
03:21
combine to form a winding loop called the Global Conveyor Belt.
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ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื•ืœืื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืข ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
03:26
As water moves from the depths of the ocean to the surface,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
03:29
it carries nutrients that nourish the microorganisms
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ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื
03:32
which form the base of many ocean food chains.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
03:35
The global conveyor belt is the longest current in the world,
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ื”ืžืกื•ืข ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:39
snaking all around the globe.
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ืฉืžืชืคืชืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก.
03:41
But it only moves a few centimeters per second.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
03:44
It could take a drop of water a thousand years to make the full trip.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœื.
03:49
However, rising sea temperatures are causing the conveyor belt
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืžืกื•ืข ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
03:52
to seemingly slow down.
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ืœื”ืื˜ ื›ื ืจืื”.
03:54
Models show this causing havoc with weather systems
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ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ื›ืื•ืก ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ
03:57
on both sides of the Atlantic,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
03:59
and no one knows what would happen if it continues to slow
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืื˜
04:02
or if it stopped altogether.
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ืื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:05
The only way weโ€™ll be able to forecast correctly and prepare accordingly
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื
04:09
will be to continue to study currents and the powerful forces that shape them.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื–ืจืžื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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