How do ocean currents work? - Jennifer Verduin

2,505,764 views ใƒป 2019-01-31

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Myung Duk LIM ๊ฒ€ํ† : Won Jang
00:06
In 1992,
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1992๋…„
00:07
a cargo ship carrying bath toys got caught in a storm.
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์š•์กฐ์šฉ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์„ ์‹ค์€ ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ์ด ํญํ’์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:12
Shipping containers washed overboard,
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์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์“ธ๋ ค ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ 
00:14
and the waves swept 28,000 rubber ducks and other toys into the North Pacific.
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28,000๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ํŒŒ๋„์— ์“ธ๋ ค
๋ถํƒœํ‰์–‘์— ์Ÿ์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
But they didnโ€™t stick together.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ™์–ด ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ 
00:22
Quite the oppositeโ€“
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์ • ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ
00:23
the ducks have since washed up all over the world,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์“ธ๋ ค๊ฐ”๊ณ 
00:27
and researchers have used their paths
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์“ธ๋ ค์˜จ ๊ธธ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ
00:29
to chart a better understanding of ocean currents.
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ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
Ocean currents are driven by a range of sources:
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ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์›์ธ๋“ค๋กœ๋Š”:
00:36
the wind, tides, changes in water density,
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๋ฐ”๋žŒ, ํŒŒ๋„, ์ˆ˜๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”
00:40
and the rotation of the Earth.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž์ „ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
The topography of the ocean floor and the shoreline modifies those motions,
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ํ•ด์ € ์ง€ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œ์ผœ
00:47
causing currents to speed up,
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ํ•ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:49
slow down, or change direction.
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์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ณ  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
Ocean currents fall into two main categories:
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ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‚˜๋‰ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
00:55
surface currents and deep ocean currents.
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ํ‘œ์ธต ํ•ด๋ฅ˜์™€ ์‹ฌํ•ด ํ•ด๋ฅ˜
00:58
Surface currents control the motion
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ํ‘œ์ธต ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ„์ชฝ 10%์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
01:00
of the top 10 percent of the oceanโ€™s water,
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01:02
while deep-ocean currents mobilize the other 90 percent.
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์‹ฌํ•ด ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 90%๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
Though they have different causes,
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๊ทธ ๋‘˜์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€๋งŒ
01:07
surface and deep ocean currents influence each other
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์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด
01:10
in an intricate dance that keeps the entire ocean moving.
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
Near the shore,
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ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š”,
01:16
surface currents are driven by both the wind and tides,
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๋ฐ”๋žŒ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ‘œ์ธต ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:19
which draw water back and forth as the water level falls and rises.
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์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ์ƒ์Šน ํ•˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌผ์„ ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
Meanwhile, in the open ocean, wind is the major force behind surface currents.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ํ‘œ์ธต ํ•ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋™๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
As wind blows over the ocean,
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๋Œ€์–‘์— ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
01:31
it drags the top layers of water along with it.
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ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ํ‘œ์ธต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
That moving water pulls on the layers underneath,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๊ทธ ํ•˜์ธต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ณ ,
01:37
and those pull on the ones beneath them.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋” ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํ•˜์ธต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
In fact, water as deep as 400 meters
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 400๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊นŠ์ด์˜ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
01:43
is still affected by the wind at the oceanโ€™s surface.
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์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์œ„์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
If you zoom out to look at the patterns of surface currents all over the earth,
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๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด ํ‘œ์ธต ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
01:51
youโ€™ll see that they form big loops called gyres,
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ™˜๋ฅ˜(GYRES)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:54
which travel clockwise in the northern hemisphere
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๊ทธ ํ™˜๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ
01:57
and counter-clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‹œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
Thatโ€™s because of the way the Earthโ€™s rotation
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์ด๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž์ „ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ
02:02
affects the wind patterns that give rise to these currents.
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์ด ์ž์ „ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
If the earth didnโ€™t rotate,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž์ „์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:08
air and water would simply move back and forth
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์™€ ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ
02:10
between low pressure at the equator
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์ €๊ธฐ์••์ธ ์ ๋„์™€ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์••์ธ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ
02:12
and high pressure at the poles.
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์™”๋‹ค ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
But as the earth spins,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
02:16
air moving from the equator to the North Pole is deflected eastward,
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์ ๋„์—์„œ ๋ถ๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์€ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํœ˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
02:20
and air moving back down is deflected westward.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์€ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํœ˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
The mirror image happens in the southern hemisphere,
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๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ „ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
02:27
so that the major streams of wind
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์ฃผ๋œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ๋“ค์€
02:29
form loop-like patterns around the ocean basins.
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๋Œ€์–‘ ๋ถ„์ง€ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
This is called the Coriolis Effect.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
The winds push the ocean beneath them into the same rotating gyres.
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๋ฐ”๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํ™˜๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
02:40
And because water holds onto heat more effectively than air,
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๋ฌผ์ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ด์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:43
these currents help redistribute warmth around the globe.
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์ด ํ™˜๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ์—ด์„ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
Unlike surface currents,
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ํ‘œ์ธต ํ•ด๋ฅ˜์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
02:49
deep ocean currents are driven primarily by changes in the density of seawater.
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์‹ฌํ•ด ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
As water moves towards the North Pole,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์€ ๋ถ๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์›Œ์ง€๊ณ 
02:57
it gets colder.
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02:58
It also has a higher concentration of salt,
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์—ผ๋ถ„ ๋†๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ
03:01
because the ice crystals that form trap water while leaving salt behind.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ์ด ์–ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ธˆ์€ ๋น ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋งŒ ์–ผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
This cold, salty water is more dense,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ๊ณ  ์ง  ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์„œ
03:08
so it sinks,
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์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
03:09
and warmer surface water takes its place,
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๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:12
setting up a vertical current called thermohaline circulation.
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์—ด์—ผ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง ์šด๋™์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
Thermohaline circulation of deep water and wind-driven surface currents
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์‹ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ด์—ผ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ธต ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ
03:21
combine to form a winding loop called the Global Conveyor Belt.
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"๋Œ€์ˆœํ™˜ ํ•ด๋ฅ˜"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
As water moves from the depths of the ocean to the surface,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์ด ์‹ฌํ•ด์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด์„œ
03:29
it carries nutrients that nourish the microorganisms
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ
03:32
which form the base of many ocean food chains.
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ํ•ด์–‘ ๋จน์ด ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ‹€์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
The global conveyor belt is the longest current in the world,
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๋Œ€์ˆœํ™˜ ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋กœ์„œ
03:39
snaking all around the globe.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํœ˜๊ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
But it only moves a few centimeters per second.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ํ•ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ดˆ ๋‹น ๋ช‡ ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์”ฉ๋งŒ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์„œ
03:44
It could take a drop of water a thousand years to make the full trip.
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์ „์ฒด ํ•œ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๋Œ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฒœ ๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
However, rising sea temperatures are causing the conveyor belt
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์˜จ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ
์ด ์ˆœํ™˜์ด ๋Š๋ ค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
to seemingly slow down.
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03:54
Models show this causing havoc with weather systems
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—
03:57
on both sides of the Atlantic,
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์žฌ์•™์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:59
and no one knows what would happen if it continues to slow
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์ˆœํ™˜์ด ๊ณ„์† ๋” ๋Šฆ์ถฐ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:02
or if it stopped altogether.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ์ง€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
The only way weโ€™ll be able to forecast correctly and prepare accordingly
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
04:09
will be to continue to study currents and the powerful forces that shape them.
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ํ•ด๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํž˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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