How computer memory works - Kanawat Senanan

3,505,077 views ใƒป 2016-05-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
In many ways, our memories make us who we are,
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•,
00:10
helping us remember our past,
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ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
00:12
learn and retain skills,
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
00:13
and plan for the future.
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ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
00:16
And for the computers that often act as extensions of ourselves,
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ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:19
memory plays much the same role,
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ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”,
00:22
whether it's a two-hour movie,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื,
00:23
a two-word text file,
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ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื,
00:25
or the instructions for opening either,
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ืื• ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
00:27
everything in a computer's memory takes the form of basic units called bits,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื,
00:33
or binary digits.
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ืื• ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื•ืช.
00:35
Each of these is stored in a memory cell
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืื•ื›ืกื ืช ื‘ืชื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
00:38
that can switch between two states for two possible values,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื:
00:42
0 and 1.
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0 ื• 1.
00:44
Files and programs consist of millions of these bits,
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ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
00:47
all processed in the central processing unit,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช,
00:50
or CPU,
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ืื• CPU,
00:51
that acts as the computer's brain.
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
00:54
And as the number of bits needing to be processed grows exponentially,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื“ ื’ื“ืœ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ืช,
00:58
computer designers face a constant struggle
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ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืื‘ืง ืžืชืžืฉืš
01:01
between size, cost, and speed.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:05
Like us, computers have short-term memory for immediate tasks,
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ื›ืžื•ื ื•, ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช,
01:10
and long-term memory for more permanent storage.
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ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
01:13
When you run a program,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื”,
01:15
your operating system allocates area within the short-term memory
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžืงืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ
01:18
for performing those instructions.
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ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:20
For example, when you press a key in a word processor,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉืืชื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงืฉ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ื,
01:24
the CPU will access one of these locations to retrieve bits of data.
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ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
01:29
It could also modify them, or create new ones.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื, ืื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:33
The time this takes is known as the memory's latency.
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
01:38
And because program instructions must be processed quickly and continuously,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช,
01:43
all locations within the short-term memory can be accessed in any order,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจ,
01:48
hence the name random access memory.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื "ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืงืจืื™ืช" (RAM)
01:51
The most common type of RAM is dynamic RAM, or DRAM.
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืฉืœ RAM ื”ื•ื RAM ื“ื™ื ืžื™, ืื• DRAM.
01:55
There, each memory cell consists of a tiny transistor and a capacitor
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ืฉื, ื›ืœ ืชื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื•ืงื‘ืœ
02:00
that store electrical charges,
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ืฉืื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
02:02
a 0 when there's no charge, or a 1 when charged.
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0 ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขืŸ, ืื• 1 ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ.
02:07
Such memory is called dynamic
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ืžื™
02:09
because it only holds charges briefly before they leak away,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืจืง ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืœืฃ,
02:13
requiring periodic recharging to retain data.
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ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข.
02:16
But even its low latency of 100 nanoseconds
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ 100 ื ื ื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
02:20
is too long for modern CPUs,
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ื”ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื,
02:22
so there's also a small, high-speed internal memory cache
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:26
made from static RAM.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžRAM ืกื˜ื˜ื™.
02:28
That's usually made up of six interlocked transistors
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืฉื” ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
02:31
which don't need refreshing.
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ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจืขื ื•ืŸ.
02:33
SRAM is the fastest memory in a computer system,
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SRAM ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘,
02:36
but also the most expensive,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืงืจ,
02:38
and takes up three times more space than DRAM.
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ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ืž DRAM.
02:42
But RAM and cache can only hold data as long as they're powered.
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ืื‘ืœ RAM ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืง ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื“ืœื•ืงื™ื.
02:46
For data to remain once the device is turned off,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื™,
02:49
it must be transferred into a long-term storage device,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš,
02:53
which comes in three major types.
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ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
02:55
In magnetic storage, which is the cheapest,
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ื‘ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื–ื•ืœ,
02:57
data is stored as a magnetic pattern on a spinning disc coated with magnetic film.
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ืคื™ืœื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™.
03:03
But because the disc must rotate to where the data is located
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืกืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื ืžืฆื
03:07
in order to be read,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื•,
03:08
the latency for such drives is 100,000 times slower than that of DRAM.
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ื”ื”ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืืœื” ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืคื™ 100,000 ืžืืฉืจ DRAM.
03:14
On the other hand, optical-based storage like DVD and Blu-ray
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื›ืžื• DVD ื•ื‘ืœื• ืจื™ื™
03:18
also uses spinning discs,
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ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
03:20
but with a reflective coating.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ.
03:22
Bits are encoded as light and dark spots using a dye that can be read by a laser.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื“ื™ื• ื”ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ.
03:28
While optical storage media are cheap and removable,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื•ืœื” ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ืช,
03:31
they have even slower latencies than magnetic storage
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™
03:34
and lower capacity as well.
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ื•ื’ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:37
Finally, the newest and fastest types of long-term storage are solid-state drives,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฆืง,
03:42
like flash sticks.
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื™.
03:44
These have no moving parts,
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ืœื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืขื™ื,
03:45
instead using floating gate transistors
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฃ
03:48
that store bits by trapping or removing electrical charges
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ืฉืื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืื• ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™
03:53
within their specially designed internal structures.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:56
So how reliable are these billions of bits?
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
03:59
We tend to think of computer memory as stable and permanent,
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืข,
04:03
but it actually degrades fairly quickly.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:06
The heat generated from a device and its environment
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ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•
04:09
will eventually demagnetize hard drives,
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ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื,
04:11
degrade the dye in optical media,
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ื™ืคืจืง ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช,
04:13
and cause charge leakage in floating gates.
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ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืœื™ืคืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื ืฆืคื™ื.
04:17
Solid-state drives also have an additional weakness.
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ืœื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฆืง ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
04:20
Repeatedly writing to floating gate transistors corrodes them,
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ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื™ื ืฆืคื™ื ืžืขื›ืœืช ืื•ืชื,
04:24
eventually rendering them useless.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืกืจื™ ืขืจืš.
04:26
With data on most current storage media
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ื›ืฉืœืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช
04:29
having less than a ten-year life expectancy,
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
04:31
scientists are working to exploit the physical properties of materials
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
04:36
down to the quantum level
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ืขื“ ืœืจืžื” ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช
04:38
in the hopes of making memory devices faster,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:40
smaller,
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ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:42
and more durable.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื.
04:43
For now, immortality remains out of reach, for humans and computers alike.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื— ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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