How computer memory works - Kanawat Senanan

3,474,584 views ใƒป 2016-05-10

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sobin Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gemma Lee
00:06
In many ways, our memories make us who we are,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
00:10
helping us remember our past,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ 
00:12
learn and retain skills,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:13
and plan for the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
And for the computers that often act as extensions of ourselves,
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์ข…์ข… ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์ž ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
00:19
memory plays much the same role,
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๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
whether it's a two-hour movie,
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๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์˜ํ™”๋“ 
00:23
a two-word text file,
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๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ๋œ ๊ธ€์ด๋“ 
00:25
or the instructions for opening either,
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ น์ด๋“ 
00:27
everything in a computer's memory takes the form of basic units called bits,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„ํŠธ ๋˜๋Š”
00:33
or binary digits.
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์ด์ง„์ˆซ์ž๋กœ ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
Each of these is stored in a memory cell
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๊ธฐ์–ต ์†Œ์ž์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
00:38
that can switch between two states for two possible values,
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆซ์ž ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
0 and 1.
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0๊ณผ 1์ด์ฃ .
00:44
Files and programs consist of millions of these bits,
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ํŒŒ์ผ๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„ํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ 
00:47
all processed in the central processing unit,
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์ค‘์•™์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” CPU์—์„œ
00:50
or CPU,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ CPU๋Š”
00:51
that acts as the computer's brain.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
And as the number of bits needing to be processed grows exponentially,
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์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๋น„ํŠธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
00:58
computer designers face a constant struggle
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋“ค์€
01:01
between size, cost, and speed.
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ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ, ์†๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋Š˜ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
Like us, computers have short-term memory for immediate tasks,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:10
and long-term memory for more permanent storage.
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์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์ €์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์–ต๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
When you run a program,
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ
01:15
your operating system allocates area within the short-term memory
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์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ๋Š” ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:18
for performing those instructions.
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๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์–ต ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํ• ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
For example, when you press a key in a word processor,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋ฌธ์„œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅผ ๋•Œ
01:24
the CPU will access one of these locations to retrieve bits of data.
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CPU๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์ ‘์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
It could also modify them, or create new ones.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
The time this takes is known as the memory's latency.
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์ด์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
And because program instructions must be processed quickly and continuously,
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์† ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:43
all locations within the short-term memory can be accessed in any order,
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๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์€ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ ‘์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
hence the name random access memory.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž„์˜ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์žฅ์น˜์ด์ฃ .
01:51
The most common type of RAM is dynamic RAM, or DRAM.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋žจ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๋™์  ๋žจ ๋˜๋Š” DRAM์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
There, each memory cell consists of a tiny transistor and a capacitor
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์†Œ์ž๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํŠธ๋ Œ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์™€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ถฉ์ „์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:00
that store electrical charges,
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์ถ•์ „๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:02
a 0 when there's no charge, or a 1 when charged.
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์ถฉ์ „ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” 0์ด๊ณ  ์ถฉ์ „ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” 1์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
Such memory is called dynamic
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋™์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:09
because it only holds charges briefly before they leak away,
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๋ฐฉ์ „๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง๊ณ 
02:13
requiring periodic recharging to retain data.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ถฉ์ „์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:16
But even its low latency of 100 nanoseconds
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 100 ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ดˆ์˜ ์งง์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋„
02:20
is too long for modern CPUs,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ CPU๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
so there's also a small, high-speed internal memory cache
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ณ ์†์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์บ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:26
made from static RAM.
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์Šคํƒœํ‹ฑ ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์ฃ .
02:28
That's usually made up of six interlocked transistors
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๋ณดํ†ต 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
which don't need refreshing.
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์žฌ์ƒํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
02:33
SRAM is the fastest memory in a computer system,
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SRAM์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ
02:36
but also the most expensive,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์Œ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
and takes up three times more space than DRAM.
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DRAM๋ณด๋‹ค 3๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:42
But RAM and cache can only hold data as long as they're powered.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋žจ๊ณผ ์บ์‹œ๋Š” ์ „์›์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
For data to remain once the device is turned off,
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์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
02:49
it must be transferred into a long-term storage device,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์–ต ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
which comes in three major types.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:55
In magnetic storage, which is the cheapest,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ผ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ
02:57
data is stored as a magnetic pattern on a spinning disc coated with magnetic film.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ์ž์„ ํ•„๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”ํŒ…๋œ ์ž๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
But because the disc must rotate to where the data is located
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ
03:07
in order to be read,
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ํšŒ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:08
the latency for such drives is 100,000 times slower than that of DRAM.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ DRAM๋ณด๋‹ค 100,000๋ฐฐ ๋Š๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
On the other hand, optical-based storage like DVD and Blu-ray
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— DVD์™€ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด‘ํ•™์‹ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๋Š”
03:18
also uses spinning discs,
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ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
03:20
but with a reflective coating.
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๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ์ฝ”ํŒ…์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
Bits are encoded as light and dark spots using a dye that can be read by a laser.
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๋น„ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋กœ ์ฝํžˆ๋Š” ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์€์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์–ด๋‘์šด ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
While optical storage media are cheap and removable,
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๊ด‘ํ•™์‹ ์ €์žฅ ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์ด๋™๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—
03:31
they have even slower latencies than magnetic storage
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์ž๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์žฅ์น˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
03:34
and lower capacity as well.
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์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋„ ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
Finally, the newest and fastest types of long-term storage are solid-state drives,
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๋์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๊ฐ™์€
03:42
like flash sticks.
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SSD์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
These have no moving parts,
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์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
03:45
instead using floating gate transistors
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ํ”Œ๋กœํŒ… ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
that store bits by trapping or removing electrical charges
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธ๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
03:53
within their specially designed internal structures.
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์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋‘๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์„œ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜์ฃ .
03:56
So how reliable are these billions of bits?
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:59
We tend to think of computer memory as stable and permanent,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:03
but it actually degrades fairly quickly.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ‡ดํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
The heat generated from a device and its environment
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์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๊ทธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์—ด์€
04:09
will eventually demagnetize hard drives,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ•˜๋“œ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๊ณ 
04:11
degrade the dye in optical media,
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๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋งค์ฒด์—์„œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
and cause charge leakage in floating gates.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋กœํŒ… ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
Solid-state drives also have an additional weakness.
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SSD๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
Repeatedly writing to floating gate transistors corrodes them,
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ํ”Œ๋กœํŒ… ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ€์‹์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ
04:24
eventually rendering them useless.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์“ธ๋ชจ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
With data on most current storage media
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ €์žฅ ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š”
04:29
having less than a ten-year life expectancy,
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10๋…„ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
04:31
scientists are working to exploit the physical properties of materials
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์–‘์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ
04:36
down to the quantum level
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์†์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
04:38
in the hopes of making memory devices faster,
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๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
04:40
smaller,
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๋” ์ž‘๊ฒŒ
๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋” ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
and more durable.
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04:43
For now, immortality remains out of reach, for humans and computers alike.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜์›ํ•จ์€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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