The case of the vanishing honeybees - Emma Bryce

982,108 views ใƒป 2014-03-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:08
There is an environmental mystery afoot,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช,
00:10
and it begins with a seemingly trivial detail
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ืคืจื˜ ืฉื ืจืื” ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™
00:13
that reveals a disaster of global proportions.
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ืฉืžื’ืœื” ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
00:18
One day, you notice that the honey you slather on your morning toast
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืจื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืกื˜ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ
00:20
is more expensive.
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ื™ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:22
Instead of switching to jam,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืจื™ื‘ื”,
00:24
you investigate the reason for the price hike.
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ืืชื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ.
00:26
What you find is shocking.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื–ืขื–ืข.
00:28
The number of domesticated honeybees in the US
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืชื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:30
has been decreasing at an alarming rate.
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ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
00:34
This decline appears too big
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ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™
00:36
to be explained by the usual causes of bee death alone:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื:
00:39
disease, parasites or starvation.
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืจืขื‘.
00:42
A typical crime scene has almost no adult bees left in the hive,
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ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ืคืฉืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืจืช,
00:46
except, perhaps, a lonely queen and a few other survivors.
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ื—ื•ืฅ, ืžืื•ืœื™, ืžืœื›ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื•ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื•ืช.
00:50
It's full of untouched food stores and a brood of unborn larvae,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžื—ืกื ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื’ืขื• ื‘ื”ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืงืขื•,
00:54
suggesting that the adults vacated without waiting for them to hatch.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื.
00:58
But what's particularly eerie
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:00
is that there's no tell-tale mass of dead or dying bees nearby.
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ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
01:04
Either they have forgotten their way back to the hive,
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ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉื›ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืจืช,
01:07
or they have simply disappeared.
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ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขืœืžื•.
01:10
These mysterious disappearances aren't new.
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ื”ื”ืขืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
01:13
Humans have been collecting honey for centuries.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืกืคื• ื“ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
01:15
But it wasn't until European settlers in the 1600's
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื” 15
01:18
introduced the subspecies, Apis mellifera,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืชืช ื”ื–ืŸ, ืืคื™ืก ืžืœื™ืคืจื”,
01:21
that we domesticated bees.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
01:23
Since the 19th century,
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ืžืื– ื”ืžืื” ื” 19,
01:25
beekeepers have reported occasional mass disappearances,
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
01:28
giving them enigmatic names
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ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื
01:29
like disappearing disease, spring dwindle disease
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ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช, ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื”ืชื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืช
01:33
and autumn collapse.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืกืชื™ื•.
01:35
But when in 2006 such losses were found to affect
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื‘ 2006 ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื
01:38
more than half of all hives in the US,
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ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
01:40
the phenomenon got a new name:
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฉื ื—ื“ืฉ:
01:42
colony collapse disorder.
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ื”ืคืจืขืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
01:45
The most frightening thing about this mystery
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื”
01:47
isn't that we'll have to go back to using regular sugar in our tea.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื›ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืชื”.
01:50
We farm bees for their honey,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ,
01:52
but they also pollinate our crops on an industrial scale,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžืื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™,
01:56
generating over 1/3 of America's food production this way.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืืกืคืงืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™.
02:00
So, how can we find the culprit behind this calamity?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืืกื•ืŸ?
02:03
Here are three of the possible offenders.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
02:06
Exhibit A: Pests and Disease.
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ืžื•ืฆื’ ื': ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
02:10
Most infamous is the varroa mite,
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ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืžืฆื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื ื™ืžืช ื•ื•ืจื•ืื”,
02:12
a minuscule red pest that not only invades colonies and feeds on bees,
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ืžื–ื™ืง ืื“ื•ื ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืจืง ืคื•ืœืฉ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
02:16
but also transfers pathogens that stunt bee growth
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื’ื“ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
02:19
and shortens their life span.
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ื•ืžืงืฆืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ.
02:21
Exhibit B: Genetics.
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ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘': ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:24
The queen is the core of a healthy hive.
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
02:26
But nowadays, the millions of queen bees distributed
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืฆื•ืช
02:29
in commercial hives are bred from just a few original queens,
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ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืžื” ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช,
02:33
which raises the worry about a lack of genetic diversity
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™,
02:36
which could weaken bees' defenses against pathogens and pests.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.
02:40
Exhibit C: Chemicals.
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ืžื•ืฆื’ ื’': ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื.
02:43
Pesticides used both on commercial beehives
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื
02:45
and agricultural crops to ward off parasites
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02:48
could be getting into the food and water that honeybees consume.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœืžื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื•ืช.
02:51
Researchers have even found that some pesticides
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆืื• ืฉื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”
02:54
damage the honeybees' homing abilities.
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ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
02:58
So we have a file full of clues
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื™ืง ืžืœื ืจืžื–ื™ื
03:00
but no clear leads.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
03:01
In reality, scientists, the actual detectives on this case,
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื”,
03:04
face disagreement over what causes colony collapse disorder.
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ืื™ื ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคืจืขืช ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
03:08
For now, we assume that several factors are the cause.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”.
03:13
Honeybees aren't necessarily in danger of extinction,
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”,
03:16
but fewer bees overall means less pollination and higher food costs,
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:20
so it's crucial that scientists solve the case of the vanishing bees.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืขืœืžื•ืช.
03:24
Because while having less honey might be a buzzkill,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืง,
03:26
crop shortages are something that would truly sting.
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ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืื™ื‘.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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