The many meanings of Michelangelo's Statue of David - James Earle

626,287 views ใƒป 2014-07-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
When we think of classic works of art,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช,
00:08
the most common setting we imagine them in is a museum.
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื.
00:12
But what we often forget is that much of this art
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
00:14
was not produced with a museum setting in mind.
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ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™.
00:17
What happens to an artwork
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช
00:19
when it's taken out of its originally intended context?
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืฉืœื”?
00:22
Take the example of Michelangelo's Statue of David,
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ืคืกืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื•,
00:26
depicting the boy hero who slew the giant philistine, Goliath,
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ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืงื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื, ื’ื•ืœื™ืช,
00:29
armed with only his courage and his slingshot.
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ื—ืžื•ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื‘ืงืœืข ืฉืœื•.
00:33
When Michelangelo began carving a block of pure white marble
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ื›ืฉืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ
00:37
to communicate this famous Biblical story,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื,
00:39
the city of Florence intended to place the finished product
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจ
00:42
atop their grand cathedral.
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ืขืœ ื”ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื.
00:44
Not only would the 17 foot tall statue
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืคืกืœ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืžื˜ืจ
00:46
be easily visible at this height,
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ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”,
00:48
but its placement alongside 11 other statues
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ืืœื ืฉืœื”ืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื 11 ืคืกืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
00:51
of Old Testament heroes towering over onlookers
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ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื "ืš ืžืชื ืฉืื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื
00:55
would have a powerful religious significance,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช,
00:57
forcing the viewer to stare in awe towards the heavens.
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ืฉืชื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจืื” ืœืฉืžื™ื.
01:01
But by the time Michelangelo had finished the work, in 1504,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ 1504,
01:05
the plans for the other statues had fallen through,
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื’ื ื–ื•,
01:08
and the city realized that lifting such a large sculpture to the roof
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืจืžืช ืคืกืœ ื›ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื’ื’
01:11
would be more difficult than they had thought.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•.
01:14
Furthermore, the statue was so detailed and lifelike,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืคืกืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ืžืœื ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:17
down to the bulging veins in David's arm
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ืขื“ ืœืจืžืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“
01:19
and the determination on his face,
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•,
01:22
that it seemed a shame to hide it so far from the viewer.
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ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื—ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื.
01:26
A council of politicians and artists
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ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืืžื ื™ื
01:28
convened to decide on a new location for the statue.
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ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืคืกืœ.
01:31
Ultimately voting to place it in front of the Palazzo della Signoria,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœืืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื ื™ื•ืจื”,
01:34
the town hall and home of the new Republican government.
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ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
01:38
This new location transformed the statue's meaning.
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกืœ.
01:41
The Medici family, who for generations had ruled the city
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ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื“ื™ืฆ'ื™, ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ
01:44
through their control of banking, had recently been exiled,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
01:48
and Florence now saw itself as a free city,
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ื•ืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ืจืืชื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืขื™ืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ืช,
01:50
threatened on all sides by wealthy and powerful rivals.
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ืฉืžืื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
01:54
David, now the symbol of heroic resistance against overwhelming odds,
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ื“ื•ื“, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
01:58
was placed with his intense stare,
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ื”ื•ืฉื ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืฉืœื•,
02:00
now a look of stern warning, focused directly towards Rome,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื–ื”ืจื” ื ื•ืงืฉื”, ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžื,
02:04
the home of Cardinal Giovanni de Medici.
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ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื ืœ ื’'ื™ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื” ืžื“ื™ืฆ'ื™.
02:06
Though the statue itself had not been altered,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืกืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืฉื•ื ื”,
02:09
its placement changed nearly every aspect of it
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ื”ื”ืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืคืŸ ืฉืœื•
02:12
from a religious to a political significance.
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ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
02:15
Though a replica of David still appears at the Palazzo,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจืคืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืคืœืืฆื•,
02:18
the original statue was moved in 1873
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ื”ืคืกืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ 1873
02:21
to the Galleria dell'Accademia, where it remains today.
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ืœื’ืœืจื™ื” ื“ื” ืœื” ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:25
In the orderly, quiet environment of the museum,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ,
02:28
alongside numerous half-finished Michelangelo sculptures,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคืกืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื•,
02:31
overt religious and political interpretations fall away,
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ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืœืžื•ืช,
02:35
giving way to detached contemplation of Michelangelo's
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ืžืคื ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
02:38
artistic and technical skill.
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ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื•.
02:40
But even here, the astute viewer may notice
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื”, ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื”ื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
02:43
that David's head and hand appear disproportionately large,
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ืฉื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื ืจืื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืคืจื•ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช,
02:46
a reminder that they were made to be viewed from below.
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ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื ื ืขืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžืœืžื˜ื”.
02:49
So, not only does context change the meaning
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ืื– ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
02:52
and interpretation of an artwork throughout its history,
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ื•ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
02:55
sometimes it can make that history resurface
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข
02:59
in the most unexpected ways.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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