The murder of ancient Alexandria's greatest scholar - Soraya Field Fiorio

1,712,548 views ใƒป 2019-08-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Allon Sasson ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the city of Alexandria in 415 CE,
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 415 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:10
the bishop and the governor were in a fight.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื›ืกื›ื™ื.
00:13
It started with a disagreement over the behavior of a militia of monks,
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื,
00:17
and ended with an accusation of witchcraft
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ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืืฉืžื” ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ
00:21
leveled against one of the most powerful figures in the city.
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ืฉื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
00:25
Hypatia of Alexandria was a prominent mathematician, philosopher,
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ื”ื™ืคืืชื™ื” ืžืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
00:29
and advisor to the cityโ€™s leaders.
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ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
00:32
In the centuries since she lived,
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ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื—ื™ื”,
00:34
the details of her life have been the subject of much dispute
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ืคืจื˜ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืžื•ืง
00:38
and have taken on an almost mythical status.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื™ืžื“ ืื’ื“ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜.
00:41
But while none of Hypatiaโ€™s own writings survive,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคืืชื™ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืฉืจื“,
00:44
her contemporariesโ€™ and studentsโ€™ accounts of her work and life
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”
00:48
paint a picture of the qualities that made her renowned as a scholar,
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ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉื,
00:52
beloved as a teacher, and ultimately led to her downfall.
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ื•ืœืžื•ืจื” ืื”ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื ืคื™ืœืชื”.
00:57
Hypatia was born around 355 in Alexandria,
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ื”ื™ืคืืชื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 355 ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”,
01:01
then part of the Egyptian province of the Eastern Roman Empire,
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ืื– ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช,
01:05
and an intellectual center.
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ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™.
01:08
Her father Theon was an accomplished Greek mathematician and astronomer;
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ืื‘ื™ื” ืช'ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ;
01:12
her mother is unknown.
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ืืžื” ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื”.
01:14
Hypatia was likely an only child, and Theon educated her himself.
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ื”ื™ืคืืชื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืœื“ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื•ืช'ืื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื ืš ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
01:20
By adulthood, she had surpassed her father in both mathematics and philosophy,
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ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”,
01:25
becoming the cityโ€™s foremost scholar and taking over his position
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืชืคืกื” ืืช ืžืฉืจืชื•
01:29
at the head of the Platonic school, similar to a modern university.
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
01:33
She refined scientific instruments, wrote math textbooks,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื›ืœื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ื” ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
01:37
and developed a more efficient method of long division.
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ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืง ืืจื•ืš.
01:41
But perhaps her most significant contributions to intellectual life
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื
01:44
in Alexandria came through her teaching.
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ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœื”.
01:47
The philosophy Hypatia taught drew from the legacy of Plato and Aristotle,
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ืคืืชื™ื” ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืฉืื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
01:52
as well as the mystical philosopher Plotinus and the mathematician Pythagoras.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ ืคืœื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก.
01:58
The convergence of these influences merged to form a school called Neoplatonism.
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ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื ืื•ืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื–ื.
02:04
For the Neoplatonists, mathematics had a spiritual aspect,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืื•ืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ืืกืคืงื˜ ืจื•ื—ื ื™,
02:08
divided among the four branches of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music.
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ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื: ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”.
02:14
These subjects were not studied merely for the sake of curiosity
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ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื ืœืžื“ื• ืจืง ืœืฉื ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช
02:18
or practical utility, but because they authenticated the belief
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ืื• ื›ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™, ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืื™ืžืชื• ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”
02:21
that numbers were the sacred language of the universe.
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ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
02:25
In the repeated patterns of algebraic formulas and geometric shapes,
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ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
02:29
the orbits of the planets, and the harmonious intervals of musical tones,
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ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื,
02:34
the Neoplatonists saw a rational cosmic force at work.
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ื”ื ืื•ืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืจืื• ื›ื— ืงื•ืกืžื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
02:39
Students delved into this ordered mathematical world
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืขืžืงื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”
02:42
to achieve higher unity with this force, known as โ€œthe One.โ€
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื›ื— ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืื—ื“".
02:47
While Hypatia was considered paganโ€”
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ืคืืชื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืคื’ืื ื™ืช --
02:49
a term for traditional Roman belief before Christianityโ€”
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ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช --
02:53
she worshipped no particular deity or deities,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื’ื“ื” ืœืืœ ืื• ืœืืœื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื,
02:55
and her ideas could be applied alongside multiple religious viewpoints.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืœืฆื“ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:00
Jewish and Christian as well as pagan students
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ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืคื’ืื ื™ื
03:03
travelled from the farthest reaches of the empire to study with her.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื›ืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืชื”.
03:07
The nonpartisan environment Hypatia fostered,
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉื”ื™ืคืืชื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื—ื”,
03:10
where all students could feel comfortable,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื—,
03:12
was especially remarkable given the religious and political turmoil
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
03:17
that was fracturing the city of Alexandria at the time.
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ืฉืฉื™ืกืขื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช.
03:21
Christianity had recently become the Empireโ€™s state religion.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื“ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”.
03:25
The local archbishop Cyril had steadily gained political power,
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืกื™ืจื™ืœ ืฆื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™,
03:29
commanding zealous militias of Christian monks to destroy pagan temples
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ื•ืคืงื“ ืขืœ ืžืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืงื ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ืคื’ืื ื™ื
03:34
and harass the Jewish population.
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ื•ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.
03:36
In doing so, he encroached on the secular authority of the Roman governor Orestes,
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื• ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืจืกื ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ืื•ืจืกื˜ืก,
03:41
himself a moderate Christian, leading to a bitter public feud between the two men.
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ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืชื•ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:47
Because she was seen as a wise and impartial figure,
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ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื” ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ืคื ื™ื•ืช,
03:50
governor Orestes consulted Hypatia,
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ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืกื˜ืก ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ื”ื™ืคืืชื™ื”,
03:53
who advised him to act with fairness and restraint.
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ืฉื™ื™ืขืฆื” ืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืคื•ืง.
03:56
But when a group of Cyrilโ€™s monks incited a riot,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื ื–ื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื™ืœ ืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ืช,
03:59
badly injuring Orestes in the process, he had their leader tortured to death.
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ื•ืคืฆืขื” ืงืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืจืกื˜ืก ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื•, ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
04:04
Cyril and his followers blamed Hypatia,
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ืกื™ืจื™ืœ ื•ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื• ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ืคืืชื™ื”
04:07
accusing her of witchcraft to turn Orestes against Christianity.
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ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉื”ืกื™ืช ืืช ืื•ืจืกื˜ืก ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช.
04:12
In March 415, as Hypatia was traveling through the city,
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ื‘ืžืจืฅ 415, ื›ืฉื”ื™ืคืืชื™ื” ื ืกืขื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
04:16
the bishopโ€™s militia of monks dragged her from her carriage
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ืžืœื™ืฆื™ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื’ืจืจื” ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื›ืจื›ืจื”
04:19
and brutally murdered and dismembered her.
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ืจืฆื—ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืชืจื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื”.
04:22
Hypatiaโ€™s death was a turning point in the politics of Alexandria.
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ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคืืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”.
04:27
In the wake of her murder,
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื— ืฉืœื”,
04:28
other philosophers in the Greek and Roman tradition fled,
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื ืžืœื˜ื•,
04:32
and the cityโ€™s role as a center of learning declined.
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ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื“ืขืš.
04:35
In a very real way,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืžืื“,
04:37
the spirit of inquisition, openness, and fairness she fostered
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ืจื•ื— ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช, ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื—ื”
04:41
died with her.
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ืžืชื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื™ืžื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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